James Madison 1809 1817 I Growing tensions with

James Madison 1809 -1817 I. Growing tensions with Great Britain A. By the end of Jefferson’s presidency continued wars between France and Great Britain impacted America 1. Great Britain began a practice of impressment, capturing American ships and taking sailors and forcing them to serve on British ships (claiming they were deserters). By 1811, over 10, 000 American sailors were forced to serve on British ships. 2. America responded with: a. Embargo Act of 1807 b. The Non- Intercourse Act of 1809 c. Macon’s Bill No. 2 3. essentially the United States refused to trade with Great Britain and continued to support France

B. Great Britain’s support of Native Americans 1. As Americans moved into the Northwest Territory (Indiana, Illinois) they came into conflict with the Shawnee nation. a. Governor William henry Harrison had secured 3 million acres by a deceptive treaty from some Shawnee leaders ( The Treaty of Fort Wayne) b. Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader and his brother, Tenskwatawa a great religious leader, tried to form a confederacy of tribes from Florida to Canada to stop American expansion. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa opposed Harrison and war broke out. They were defeated at the battle of Tippecanoe and Tecumseh fled to British controlled Canada c. The British were found to have supplied the Shawnee with weapons. C. War Hawks (Henry Clay, John Calhoun) in Congress push for war. New England merchants do not want war.

II. War breaks out. A. The North: Early fighting began on the Canadian border and the United States attempted to invade Canada 3 times but were defeated. 1. The Battle of York: United States naval forces and land forces captured York (present day Toronto). After capture the American forces burned York and looted the city. 2. The Battle of Plattsburgh: 4000 Americans stop a British invasion of 14000 troops in Plattsburgh, NY. B. The Mid Atlantic: The British effectively blockade the east coast although the United States navy has success with single engagements 1. The USS Constitution (Old Ironsides); Defeats 5 British ships because of its revolutionary construction

2. The British land a force of 4, 00 troops and capture Washington DC and burn it in revenge for York 3. The British attempt to capture Baltimore but are repulsed after an all night bombardment of Fort Mc. Henry. C. The South: The British organize Creek Indians to fight Americans. This results in a Creek civil war with most Creek Indians joining the British and others joining the Americans and the Cherokee. Battles in the south are lead by Andrew Jackson, who defeats the Creek in a series of battles and then moves to protect New Orleans. 1. The Battle of New Orleans. Andrew Jackson stops a force of 2000 British soldiers attempting to capture New Orleans. Jackson suffers only a dozen casualties while inflicting 1300 casualties on the british. It is the last battle of the war and was fought 2 weeks after the peace treaty was signed.

D. The Treaty of Ghent: The War of 1812 was a draw. 1. neither side gained territory or gave up anything of consequence 2. But for America it established America as a world power 3. Americans took pride in the War and led to the Era of Good Feelings