Instructional Strategies TeacherCentered Strategies StudentCentered Strategies Presentation Discussion

Instructional Strategies Teacher-Centered Strategies Student-Centered Strategies Presentation Discussion Demonstration Cooperative Learning Drill and Practice Games Tutorial Simulations Discovery Problems-Based Learning

Presentation In a presentation a source tells, dramatizes, or otherwise disseminates information to learners. Advantages Limitations Present Once Difficult for Some Students Note-Taking Strategies Potentially Boring Information Sources Note-Taking Difficulty Student Presentations Age Appropriateness

Demonstration In a demonstration, learners view an exhibition of a skill or procedure to be learned. Advantages Limitations Seeing Before Doing Not Hands-On Task Guidance Limited View Economy of Supplies Nonflexible Pacing Safety

Drill and Practice In drill and practice, learners complete practice exercises to refresh or increase fluency in content knowledge. Advantages Limitations Corrective Feedback Repetitive Information Chunking Potentially Boring Built-in Practice Nonadaptive

Tutorials involve learners working with an agent - in the form of a person, computer software, or special printed materials – that presents the content, poses questions or problems, requests the learner’s responses, analyzes the responses, supplies appropriate feedback, and provides practice until the learner demonstrates a predetermined level of competency. Advantages Limitations Independent Work Potentially Boring Self-Paced Possibly Frustrating Individualization Potential Lack of Guidance

Discussion As a strategy, discussion involves the exchange of ideas and opinions among students or among students and the teacher. Advantages Limitations Interesting Potential for Limited Participation Challenging Sometimes Unchallenging Inclusive Difficulty Level Opportunity Age Appropriateness

Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning is a grouping strategy in which students work together to assist each other’s learning. Advantages Limitations Learning Benefits Size Limitation Formal or Informal Potential Overuse Learning Opportunity Group Member Limitation Content Areas

Games Educational gaming provides a competitive environment in which learners follow prescribed rules as they strive to attain a challenging goal. Advantages Limitations Engaging Competition Concerns Match to Outcomes Levels of Difficulty Variety of Settings Expense Gain Attention Misdirection of Intention

Simulations Simulation allows learners to confront a scaled-down version of a real-life situation. Advantages Limitations Safety Questionable Representation Recreate History Complexity Hands-On Time Factor Variety

Discovery The discovery strategy uses an inductive, or inquiry, approach to learning that fosters a deeper understanding of the content through the learner’s involvement with it. Advantages Limitations Engaging Time Factor Repeated Steps Preparation is Critical Student Control of Learning Misunderstanding

Problem-Based Learning Through the use of problem-based learning, students seek solutions to structured or illstructured problems situated in the real world. Advantages Limitations Engaging Difficult to Create Content for Learners Age Appropriateness Levels of Complexity Time-Consuming