Importance of phenolrich virgin olive oil in the

Importance of phenol-rich virgin olive oil in the host modified polar fatty acids against L. monocytogenes infection in mice Jasminka Giacomettia, Maja Abramb, Ivana Bogeticd, Hrvoje Krizana and Damir Muhvicc University of Rijeka, School of Medicine, a. Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, b. Dept. Microbiology and Parasitology, c. Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysilogy; d. Student of the School of Medicine, Brace Branchetta 20, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia E-mail: jasminka@medri. hr INTRODUCTION Animal studies generally support the idea that olive oil is capable of modulating functions of cells of the immune system. The major components of olive oil that influence some biological activities are high oleic acid and polyphenols. The Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a model pathogen for elucidating important mechanisms of the immune response. Olive oil diet produces an immunosuppressive state responsible for the impairment of host immune resistance against L. monocytogenes that hinders the efficient elimination of microorganisms. Here, we examine the influence of olive oil diet and isolated olive oil polyphenols on liver host polar fatty acids modification against L. monocytogenes infection in mice, helps in the current state of knowledge concerning the effects and interactions of olive oil on immune system functions, as well as their action in the preservation of host immune defense. EXPERIMENTAL Female Balb/c mice, 8– 10 weeks old were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group 1 – fed standard diet; Group 2 – fed olive oil (5%, w/w); Group 3 - fed standard diet and then i. p. simultaneously injected saline phenolics extract (10 mg/kg) and subletal dose L. monocytogenes suspension (200 l, 2 x 107 CFU/ml). Each group had custom control (uninfected) animals. The evaluation of L. monocytogenes infection was carried out at the days 1, 3 and 6 after induced infection by the collection and processing of the serum, liver, brain and spleen. A third of the liver was used for histological analyses (H&E strain), and the second third was used for the bacterial growth determination by the colony forming unit (CFU per g of tissue). The last third was used for the determination of the polar fatty acid composition (PL FAs). Liver PL FAs were isolated and purified by solid-phase-extraction (SPE) method using an aminopropylsilica column and subsequently determined by gas chromatography (GC). Calculations and Statistical Analysis SFAs= % (14: 0+16: 0+18: 0+20: 0+22: 0+24: 0); MUFAs= % (14: 1+16: 1+18: 1+20: 1); PUFAs= % (PUFAn-3 + PUFAn-6); PUFAs n– 3 = % (20: 5 n-3+22: 6 n-3); PUFAs n– 6 = % (18: 2 n-6+18: 3 n-6+20: 2 n-6+20: 3 n-6+20: 4 n-6+22: 4 n-6); D 9 C 18 index =18: 1 n-9/18: 03; D 6 D index=[(18: 3 n-6+20: 3 n-6)/18: 2 n-6]1; D 5 D index=[(20: 4 n-6/(20: 3 n-6)]1. Data are reported as mean ±S. D. Statistical significance was assumed with p<0. 05. All statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistica software package for Windows, Stat. Soft, Inc. (2005), Version 7. 1. The significance of the differences was analyzed by the Descriptive Statistics by Groups (Breakdown) - analysis of variance and Post-hoc Comparisons of Means using Scheffe test. a. b. Figure 2. a. Bacterial growth by the determination of colony forming unit (CFU per g of tissue) in the liver, brain and spleen; b. Histological analysis of the liver from female Balb/c mice: H & E-stained liver sections at the 1 st, 3 th and 6 th days after infection treated mice in the group 1, 2 and 3; magnification = 100 X. CONCLUSIONS L. monocytogenes significantly altered the fatty acid composition of the host liver membrane phospholipids during 6 -day infection monitoring. The n-3/n-6 ratio was significantly increased in the group fed olive oil and olive oil polyphenols compared to the control. MUFA was higher in the group fed olive oil and olive oil polyphenols compared to the control. Bacterial growth depended on the examined organs; major bacteria were found in the spleen, and minor in the brain. The protective role of olive oil diet reflected on found minor bacterium number and the absence on pathohistological and metabolic liver damage. References Figure 1. a. Differences in the liver PL FAs profile. * significantly differences among groups were found by the Descriptive Statistics by Groups (Breakdown) - analysis of variance (p<0. 05); b. Differences in the liver n-6, n-3, SFA, MUFA i PUFA FAs profile. * significantly different from the control were determined by the Descriptive Statistics by Groups (Breakdown) - Post-hoc Comparisons of Means using Scheffe test (p<0. 05). Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Croatian Ministry of Science, Project No. 0620000000 -0221 and 062 -0621273 -1235, DIOKI, d. d. Zagreb and The university of Rijeka foundation. 1. de Pablo, M. A. , Puertollano, M. A. , Galvez, A. , Ortega, E. , Gaforio, J. J. , de Cienfuegos G. A. 2000. Determination of natural resistence of mice fed dietary lipids to experimental infection induced by Listeria monocytogenes. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 27: 127 -133. 2. Rodrigez Vaquero, M. J. , Alberto, M. R. , Manca de Nadra, M. C. . 2007. 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