Earths Spheres 4 spheres 1 Geosphere physical Earth
- Slides: 26
Earth’s Spheres • 4 spheres – 1. Geosphere – physical Earth • Sometimes called lithosphere (outer crust) – 2. Atmosphere – blanket of gas surrounding the planet – 3. Hydrosphere – All of Earth’s water – 4. Biosphere – all living things
Our Place in the Solar System • 3 rd Planet from the Sun • We have seasons due to our tilt and revolution around the Sun
Earth’s History • How old is Earth believed to be? – 4. 6 billion years old • What are some of the most significant events in Earth’s history? – ~3. 5 billion years ago – first cells formed – 2 bya – Oxygen Revolution – 1. 8 bya – first eukaryotic cells appeared
Other significant events: • Paleozoic Era: – Carboniferous period – current coal and oil deposits went into ground to begin forming (325 mya) – Life transitions from sea to land
• Mesozoic Era: – Reptiles dominate and mammals arose • Cenozoic Era: – Mammals began to thrive
Agricultural Revolution • 10, 000 -12, 000 years ago • Domestication of plants and animals – Nomads communities
Industrial Revolution • 18 th-19 th centuries • Movement from renewable energy to nonrenewable energy – Prior to IR, biomass fuels (wood) most common
Feedback Loops • Positive feedback – Runaway cycle in one direction • Negative feedback – System keeps itself in check
Synergy • The sum of two parts is greater than the two individually
Time Delays • Any sort of event that takes a long time for a response or action to occur
Laws of Thermodynamics • First Law of Thermodynamics – Energy is not created or destroyed, just changed. - Input = output
2 nd Law of Thermodynamics • Energy transfer is never 100% efficient – some will be lost to environment as heat – An incandescent light bulb gives off about 95% of the energy used to power it as heat
Biomass • Anything within the ecosystem considered a fuel resource • Also the dry mass of organisms in the ecosystem
Ecological Pyramids • Pyramid of Numbers – shows population of each level in a food chain
Pyramid of Biomass • Shows the amount of biomass (dry weight of organisms) present at each trophic level in a food chain
Pyramid of Energy • Drawn to show energy utilized at each trophic level
PRODUCTIVITY OF ECOSYSTEMS • Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) –Rate at which an producers capture and store chemical energy as biomass in a given time period • Net Primary Productivity (NPP) – The rate at which primary producers accumulate net useful chemical energy – NPP = (Rate at which producers store chemical energy as biomass) – (Rate at which producers use some energy for respiration) – NPP = GPP – Plant respiration
Productive Ecosystems • Two most productive ecosystems on Earth: – Wetlands – Rain forests • Least productive: – The ocean (as a whole) – Deserts
Biogeochemical Cycles Type of Cycle Water Carbon Phosphorous Sulfur Nitrogen Major Storage Area In the oceans Dissolved into the oceans In Earth’s crust as rock In Earth’s crust within rocks and minerals In the atmosphere
Nitrogen Cycle – *MUST KNOW* • First Step: NITROGEN FIXATION: Bacteria (cyanobacteria (soil and H 2 O) and Rhizobium (roots)) convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonia that can be used by plants. – N 2 + 3 H 2 -> 2 NH 3 • Nitrogen can also be fixed through lightning – 3 N 2 + 6 H 2 O -> 4 NH 3 + 2 NO 3
• Second Step: NITRIFICATION: • Ammonia is converted by Nitrosomonas to nitrite ions – 2 NH 3 + 3 O 2 -> 2 NO 2 + 2 H+ + 2 H 2 O • Nitrobacter convert nitrite to nitrate ions, which are easily taken up by plants as a nutrient. – 2 NO 2 - + O 2 -> 2 NO 3 -
• Third Step: ASSIMILATION – plant roots absorb nitrites, ammonium, and nitrates needed for growth. • Fourth Step: AMMONIFICATION – Specialized decomposer bacteria convert animal wastes and dead organisms into ammonium
• Fifth Step: DENITRIFICATION: Bacteria (Pseudomonas) convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas
- Earths 4 spheres
- Chapter 3 the dynamic earth section 1 the geosphere
- Study of the earth's physical features
- What are the four spheres of the earth
- Four spheres of the earth
- 5 spheres of earth
- Earth's spheres foldable
- Spheres of the earth poster
- Sphere interactions examples
- What are the four spheres of the earth
- Earth's spheres
- Hydrosphere drawing
- Earth's spheres foldable
- Geosphere atmosphere hydrosphere and biosphere
- Spheres of the earth
- Sphere of self sufficiency
- Spheres of physical activity
- Earth layers foldable
- Earths roation
- Whats a natural satellite
- Biome near the equator
- What is the most abundant element on earth
- Basalt
- Whats earths moon called
- Earth's thickest layer
- Earths early atmosphere contained
- The earths layer foldable