Determinism of media Determination in media Transforming technologies
- Slides: 16
Determinism of media Determination in media
Transforming technologies • media revolutions? • how fast do they occur? • what kinds of changes do they bring? • do they satisfy the existing needs? • do they trigger new desires and new undesired, unplanned uses?
Semaphor Telegraphs / Optical Telegraphs
Electrical Telegraph • 1837 - William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone – the first commercial electrical telegraph • 1837 - David Alter, the first American electrical telegraph • 1838 - first successful tests of Morse's electrical telegraph (Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail) • first expermiental telegraph line between Washington, D. C. and Baltimore demonstrated on May 24, 1844. • October 24, 1861 – first message through the transcontinental telegraph line (Brigham Young informing of Utah not seceding the Union) • Privacy concerns? (Compromise of 1877 and telegraph)
Cooke Telegraph / Morse Telegraph
Revolutions? Pony Express, 1860 – 1861 • mounted riders to deliver post across the continent • 184 stations approx. 10 miles apart • time to deliver messages East Coast to West Coast reduced to approx. 10 days • riders receive salaries 25 times larger than wages for unskilled labor ($25 a week) • in 18 months of its operation ONE mail pouch (the mochilla) was undelivered (until two years later it arrived to New York)
Transatlantic Telegraph Cable • Cyrus West Field
Project • 1855 – St. John's to Nova Scotia – connecting the American telegraph grid to Newfoundland • Atlantic Telegraph Company founded to attract financing • intensive marketing efforts in American and Great Britain, governmental support earned
Operation • HMS Agamemnon and USS Niagara meet at a rendez – vous point mid Atlantic • cable spliced, then ships sail towards their continents • 1857 - first attempt – failed, cable broke, mission aborted • 1858 – second attempt
Laying of the cable completed – Aug. 1858 • "Glory to God in the highest; on earth, peace and good will toward men. " • "an additional link between the nations whose friendship is founded on their common interest and reciprocal esteem. " • "it is a triumph more glorious, because far more useful to mankind, than was ever won by conqueror on the field of battle. May the Atlantic telegraph, under the blessing of heaven, prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and friendship between the kindred nations, and an instrument destined by Divine Providence to diffuse religion, civilization, liberty, and law throughout the world. " • Field a hero, New York celebrating
Failure • three weeks after completion cable fails – most probably due to construction shortcomings and technical errors (splicing of the cable, insufficient insulation – too large currencies sent through the cable due to chief engeneer's inexperience • Field riduculed, accused of a hoax, of speculation scam, and of treason by American media
SS Great Eastern • Isambard Kingdom Brunel • by far the largest ship of her era • built to travel around the globe without refueling
SS Great Eastern • • • idea in 1851 commissioned in 1852 laid down in 1854 launched in 1858 maiden voyage in 1859 first voyage to America in 1860 bellied up (economically) in 1863 sold for £ 25. 000 in 1863 built for approx. £ 510. 000
Laying of the cable – re-embarked • The Great Eastern chartered to the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company • The Great Eastern – the only existing ship to carry the cable in 'one spool' (4260 km) – no splicing necessary • 1865 – operation begins • 1865 – cable breaks – nearly 2. 000 km of the cable lost • Field finds still a new investor and forms the Anglo. American Telegraph Company • 1866 – cable sucessfully laid. Message from Queen Victoria… • The 1865 cable recovered, spliced and reconnected – two cables operational • 1866 cable could transmit eight words a minute
What does it all mean?
- Current and future trends in media and information ppt
- Explain this image
- Baron d'holbach determinism
- Teori technological determinism
- Rorschach projective test
- Historical determinism
- Psychic determinism
- Contoh spiral of silence dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
- Definition of linguistic determinism
- Personality psychology
- Causal determinism
- Whorf's linguistic determinism
- Libertarianism determinism
- Whats environmental determinism
- Determinism in geography
- Regression psychology
- Causal determinism