CO 2 HPWH Residential Customers Residential Safety Maintenance

CO 2 HPWH Residential Customers Residential Safety Maintenance Cost Comfort/ invisibility/ no noise Sized for number of plumb fixtures in the house. Safe equipment. Long lasting. Affordable / cheap. Invisible. . Power constraints – electrical capacity in home. Pressure vessel requirements for refrigerants with higher pressure (like CO 2) do not ignore a safety risk or additional burden to consumer (insurance, install / code requirement). If maintenance homeowner is not impacted, needs to spend time on it. Low, easy maintenance or warranty or taken care of for homeowners ( manufacturer, utility, contractors). Relatively low cost to purchase and run. Noisef ree. Efficient (low operating cost). . No comfort impact (from compressor in particular) Brand familiarity. Lots of hot water whenever it is wanted. Primary requirement: Cost (low first); utility received. Secondary requirement: Low life-cycle, unlimited, hot water on demand, always available. Never run out of hot water. Easy Install Readily available and knowledgeable service / install technologies. Easy and fast replacement. Size must fit into available space. DIY Easy to low cost to install. Does not require plumber, , electrical or HVAC contractor/ technologists. Can be DIY Wi-fi capacity. Connectivity. No cold air when it is not wanted. Hot H 2 O Connectivity

CO 2 HPWH Manufacture Utility Specifications Market opportunities Codes and Safety Clear specification for eligibility Premium consumer image. Regulation requiring refrigement. Manufactures need UL. Cent. Clear requirements based on the unique capabilities of CO 2 systems on water heating and whole building benefits from utility perspective. Demonstration that customers in large numbers will pay premium or disprove. Strong drivers for low GWP refrigerants. Todd’s comment. Underwriters lab is a potential, but need getting products containing this refrigerant in US will be challenging. Utility DR needs are distilled into an actionable product design. Access to the market. They need long term commitment from region. Market opportunity is compelling enough for product introduction. Clear consensus on product applications and requirements. - Northern climate -Tier 4 - CHG - Electrical residential no DR Market of sufficient size to justify bringing to North American market. DOE water heather requirements are sufficiently conductive to this product Manufactures require money. Can they profit from this? Contacts: John Bush – EPRI natural refrigerants experts. Researching cement products, Monitoring EPA ruling that will be phasing out refrigerants, trying to make new products/refrigerants be not only environmentally beneficial, but also energy efficient. UL listing and code compliance are satisfied. Clear path to safety and performance certifications. Safety issues neutralized for all of most of nation. Distribution Channels and Partners Meets local building codes. Distribution and product support network. Competitive advantages of this product can be identified and communicated. Clear path to low defect durable manufacture. Leverage manufacturing overseas. Ancillary benefits to create volume market – either space/water or some large consumer benefits, or large federal subsidy. Suitable market channels and installer channels. Partnerships for product introductions. If there are specialized components not familiar to manufactures, who is going to specialize and perfect?

CO 2 HPWH Regional Priorities/Opportunities Product roadmap. Risk Multiple manufactures compete in the market People LBNL has an expert in water heating testing and standards – groping for the name – Jim Lutz, LBNL, Charlie Adams, and AO Smith. Maintenance Reliability Region needs: Known good products: Performance, longevity. Cost Effectiveness Contractor Cost effective for regional perspective Enough value that contractors can change more without blowing cost-effectiveness. A line of sight to cost effectiveness (TRC B/C ratio) is made convincingly. Todd’s comment: Service industry will need to be heavily trained to support needs containing CO 2. Low or no maintenance cost. Regional cost effectiveness. TRC=1 (utility not customer perspective) Reliable/long-lasting. Regional requirements. Reliability, safety. (Todd’s comment: nigh operating pressure and as a safety concept. Since CO 2 HPs WH are twice as efficient as ordinary HPWH, my approximation is that they could be twice as costly, and still be cost effective, but the real analysis needs to go through the RTFs procost model. Grid Int. Controllable via signal sent from grid. Non proprietary control signaling. Annual energy use is predictable and quantifiable (per RTF guidelines). Regional value and diverse climates. Clarity about value in MF, MH, small business. [Secondary priority] HPH is capable of energy storage and demand response. (Note: this is a very high level definition; more specifics need to be added). Fast Water Heating. High thermal storage capacity to support grid management. Operates in PNW regions without electric resistance host. (this is specific requirement, could be generalized) Clarity about degree of demand addressability and best control path.

CO 2 HPWH Regional & Manufacture Installation Cheap, Drop-in low brainpower installation. Costs Lower costs. Benefits Manufacturers – Region needed Other Benefits (Beyond just water heating: Legion Aire Cycle, Heating)

CO 2 HPWH Customers Utilities/ Program Delivery BPA Utilities CLEAResult / Fluid Utilities NEEA (Dave Kresta) Utilities (Aaron Winer) Retailers/ Manufacturers Hope Depot, Lowes, etc. WH Manufacturers, Mayo Lama Paper, RHEEM, GE, DAIKIN, Bradford White Sander AO Smith (Bradford White, Sander). Labs/ Researchers American Water Works GTI (Gas Technology Institute) ACEEE (Hot Water Forum) EPRI NREL & Oalcridge, DOE (Standards). Ken Eklund (WSU) Jim Lutz (Formerly LBNL) Refrigerant Requirements Organizations: AHRI, EPRI (for Dinitrovic R. D), ASHRAE (refrigent watery grap - contact via R. D), International Refrigerant Working Group ( contact via R. D). Installers/ Distributors GENSCO and other distributors (Mark Sterns – Seattle GM) , (Ferguson) New Construction Builders Roto Rooter FAST waterheat