Articles and Determiners Articles Determiners Traditional Grammar Functional

Articles and Determiners Articles Determiners Traditional Grammar Functional Grammar They determine things about the noun and are used at the beginning of noun phrases Indefinite articles Does not refer to a particular thing/s . . A/an Eg. A cat died Definite articles Refers to a particular thing/s that has already been established Eg. The cat died Possessive Implies ownership Demonstrative Refers to a particular thing/s Eg. My, your, his, her, its, our, their, one’s, whose Eg. This, that, these, those Eg. Your cat died Eg. This cat died

Nouns A part of speech used to name a place, person, emotion or thing Common Nouns Proper Nouns A name for any ordinary thing you can see and touch The specific name for the place/person. Need to be capitalised. Eg. tree, ball, dog, girl, cat, book, shop, state Eg. Kate, Spot, Lucky, Sooty, Ben, Coles, God Eg. There is the ball. Eg. Sophie likes to dance Abstract Nouns A word for something that can not be seen, heard or touched, such as an emotion or idea Eg. bravery, childhood, trust, calm, happy, sad Eg. I am feeling upset Collective Nouns A word that refers to a group of a particular thing Eg. flock, herd, school (of fish), pad (of paper) Eg. Do you have a pad of paper?

Nouns A part of speech used to name a place, person, emotion or thing Mass Nouns Count Nouns that are able to be counted Nouns that are unable to be counted Singular Eg. Advice Traffic Imagination Eg. You have a great imagination Plural Eg. Wolf Mouse Cow Octopus Girl Fox Eg. Wolves Mice Cows Octopi Girls Foxes Eg. I saw a fox Eg. I saw many foxes

Verbs A doing, being or having word Doing verbs Auxiliary verbs Helping verbs Action verbs Saying verbs Sensing Relating / Linking Verbs Involves action. Something that is done Involves speech. Something that is said Involves thoughts and feelings. Something that is sensed or felt Verbs that join together information. Eg. Run, jump, dance, flew Eg. Shout, whisper, sung, scream Eg. Love, remember, imagine Eg. Be, have, become, posses, include, am, is Eg. I dodged the ball Eg. I screamed out loud Eg. I love that colour Eg. She has a dog Eg. Have, be, will, shall, do, was, am, were, does Eg. He is looking for you

Verbs A doing, being or having word Non finite verbs Finite verbs Cannot stand alone and make sense Have a subject and can stand alone in a sentence Infinitives Participles Combine with auxiliary verb to make a complete verb The verb has no subject. Usually proceeded by to. Eg. Crashed Eg. The tree crashed Present Past Eg. To dance, to drink, to play Eg. Dancing, singing, painting Eg. Danced, sung, painted Eg. I did not sing Eg. I love singing Eg. I sung yesterday

Verbs A doing, being or having word Transitive verbs Intransitive verbs Verbs with an object (ask who/what after) Something that involves action Eg. Sailed, drove Eg. Run, jump, catch, throw Eg. Dad drove the car Eg. Suzan caught the ball

Verbs A doing, being or having word Regular verbs Verbs that change their tense in the ‘normal’ way Eg. Wave/waving/waved, climb/climbing/climbed Eg. We drove to the beach Irregular verbs Verbs that change their spelling in the past tense and past participle Eg. Choose/chosen, buy/bought/buying Eg. When I bought this orange, it was cheap

Pronouns Words used instead of nouns Possessive Used to show ownership Demonstrative Refers to a noun without specifically stating it Personal Used in place of persons or things Reflexive/Emphatic Used along side personal pronouns Reflexive Eg. Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs Eg. That, this, those, these Eg. This is my pencil Eg. That is lovely Eg. Himself, herself Eg. I, you, she, it, we, you they Eg. I went to movies last night Emphatic Eg. He cut himself Eg. The Queen herself came to the ball

Pronouns Words used instead of nouns Relative Interrogative Distribute Indefinite A pronoun that introduces a relative clause Used to ask questions Refers to something individual as opposed to a group Does not replace any person, place or thing Eg. Who, whom, whose, which, that Eg. Who, whom, whose, which, what Eg. Each, either, neither Eg No-one, anyone, anything, everything Eg. The girl who phoned me… Eg. What is the answer to the question? Eg. Each child is going to school Eg. No one lives on mars

Pronouns Word used instead of a noun Subject Replace the subject in the sentence Eg. She, you, we, I, they, it Eg. She did the job Object Replaces the object or indirect object in the sentence Eg. Him, me, her, it, you, us, them Eg. The teacher gave the assignment to her

Adjectives Describing word. Adds meaning Describing Possessive Interrogative Demonstrative Factual Classifying A word that describes the object Place the noun into a group or type An adjective that tells us who belongs to the noun Asks a question Picks out a certain noun Eg. Kind, big, green Eg. Chinese, Australian Eg. Yours, mine Eg. Which, what, whose, how Eg. This, that, these, those Eg. My bike is red Eg. Which hat is yours? Eg. This is my dog Eg. The large, black ship went to sea Eg. The Siamese cat walked

Adjectives Describing word. Adds meaning Distributive Numeral Indefinite Cardinal Modal Ordinal Refers to an individual noun, as opposed to the group Refers to the number, but not specific number The specific number of nouns The order of things in numerical sequence Shows the probability of something Eg. Each, every, either, neither Eg. Some, many, few, most Eg. Ten, one, fifty, Eg. Tenth, first, fifth Eg. Probably, possible, definite Eg. Each flower pretty Eg. There are many cows Eg. I have ten cupcakes Eg. The runner came third. Eg. A probable outcome

ADJECTIVE ORDER Eg. Number Opinion Size Age Ten lovely big new Shape bell shaped Origin Australian Material Purpose natural decorative NOUN flowers

Conjunctions Joining words. Hold the text together Connectors Used to connect two sentences or paragraphs together Coordinate Used to connect two phrases, words or clauses together Eg. Secondly, then, next, lastly Eg. But, and, for Eg. Lastly I jumped into bed Eg. I ate dinner but I didn’t like it Correlative conjunctions Conjunctions that exist in pairs Subordinate Used to connect two parts of a sentence together Eg. Both… and, Either. . Or, Not… but Eg. After, although, because, whenever, before, though, once Eg. I don’t like either banana's or tomato's Eg. They play netball because they enjoy it

Preposition Shows relationships between nouns, pronouns and other words Time Place/ Direction Manner Means/ Agent When does it happen? Where is it? How did it happen? Who are what did it? Eg. By, after, from Eg. In, around, at, down Eg. In, like, by Eg. From Monday to Friday Eg. I live down the street Eg. He left in confusion Purpose Why was this done? Eg. With, by, from Eg. for Eg. I cut the meat with a knife Eg. I bought bread for them State/ Condition Quantity/ Measure How/where is it? How much? How long? Eg. at Eg. My friend is at work Eg. for Eg. We drove for 20 km’s

Modal Verbs Give information as to the possibility or certainty being expressed Low modality Medium modality High modality Things that might happen Things that can or should happen Things that will or must happen Eg. May, might, could Eg. Should, can, need to Eg. Must, will, have to Eg. I may finish this assignment Eg. I should finish this assignment Eg. I will finish this assignment

Phrasal Verbs A combination of a verb and a noun/adverb, where it changes the meaning of the original verb Intransitive Transitive Phrasal Verbs that have no object Phrasal Verbs that have an object Inseparable Separable The verb and the noun/adverb are unable to be separated for the sentence to make sense The object of the sentence can be moved in between the verb and the noun/adverb Eg. The bus waited for everyone to get on Eg. I picked up the bag/ I picked the bag up Eg. I give up

Adverbs A word that describes a verb, adjective or adverb Adverb of manner Adverb of place Adverb of time Adverb of reason Describes how an action is carried out Describes where an action has taken place Describes when an action has taken place Tell why something is happening Adverb of degree Describes the intensity/degree of the action Eg. Happily, gladly, quickly, slowly, carefully, loudly Eg. Inside, outside, here, there, everywhere Eg. Tomorrow, never, today, December, early Eg. Therefore, Eg. Extremely, completely, very, enough Eg. The cow mooed loudly Eg. I ran there Eg. I finished all of my homework yesterday Eg. Therefore I argue Eg. She has almost finished

Simple Tense Past/Present/Future Present tense Past Tense Used to describe an action that’s currently happening Used to describe something of the past Regular Eg. Worked, studied, washed, cooked Eg. I have washed my car Future tense Used to refer to actions that will occur in the future Irregular Eg. went, drank, sang, Eg. I drove from Ballarat Eg. Looks, every Friday, boils, leaves Eg. The train leaves at 3: 15 Eg. Going, will, Eg. I will be staying with them

Tense Continuous Past continuous Present Continuous The past continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment Expresses the idea that something is happening now Was/were + present participle Am/is/are + present participle Eg. He was going to the football They were going Future continuous Expresses when the action is taking place in the future Will be/Be going to + present participle Eg. I am doing it now Eg. You will be excited She is doing it later Are you going to wait for her? They are finishing

Tenses Present Perfect/Past Perfect Present perfect Expresses a completed action with a time expression of the actions duration Expresses a past action that occurred prior to another event Something that has happened but is still occurring A recently completed action A previous action that has present relevance An event that occurs over time, but is complete now Uses phrases starting with ‘for’ or ‘since’ Often uses words such as ‘just’ or ‘recent’ Often refers to an accomplishment which is deemed relevant Sentences containing activity verbs expressing change overtime Eg. We have been living in Jindivick for 13 years Eg. Her train has just arrived Eg. I have only slept through one lecture Eg. My enjoyment of uni has increased since doing placement Formed with the past tense of the verb ‘have’ and a past participle. Consists of one main clause, and one subordinate clause Eg. She understood the movie because she had read the book Future Perfect Something that will be completed Formed with the past tense verb but talking about something that will happen Eg. He will have helped 100 people this year