Appendix 03 Comparison 1 Context Comparative Adjectives Introduction

Appendix 03. Comparison 1

Context Comparative Adjectives: Introduction What is Comparative Adjectives? What is Superlative Adjectives? Rules for Forming Comparative and Superlative Forms 주의해야 할 Irregular comparatives and superlatives Equal Comparison (동급비교) Negative Equal Comparison(부정형 동급비교) & Modifiers (강조) Unequal Comparison (차등비교) Negative Unequal Comparison(부정형 차등비교) Unequal Comparison의 강조 Illogical Comparison (잘못된 비교) Multiple number Comparatives Double Comparatives: The + 비교급, The + 비교급 Comparison without ‘than’: using ‘Of the two’ 혼동하기 쉬운 비교표현 Superlatives 원급과 비교급을 통한 최상급 표현 무관사 최상급 원급과 비교급의 관용적 표현 2

1. Comparative Adjectives: Introduction There are 3 types of adjectives. Positive (원급) Comparative(비교급) Superative (최상급) longer longest funny funniest modern more modern The most modern good better best 3

2. What is a Comparative Adjective? What is an Comparative adjective? It’s a word which describes a noun and express the idea of ‘more’ to the noun adjectives noun big fast expensive Comparative adjectives noun bigger car faster car More expensive 4

3. What is a “Superlative Adjectives”? Superlative Adjectives express the idea of ‘Max or Most’ fast-est His car is fast. Your car is faster. But my car is the fastest. 5

4. Rules for Forming Comparative & Superlative Forms 원급 형용사 one syllable adjectives/ adverbs two syllable adjectives/adverbs: 대부분의 2음절 형용사는 more, 또 는 -er비교급이 둘 다 가능하며, 일반 적으로 more를 더 선호함. - More + 원급 - The most + 원급 비교급: 원급 + er 최상급: The 원급 + est 비교급 형용사 최상급 형용사 Faster The fastest Bigger The biggest More big (X) The most big (X) 최상급: The most + 원급 비교급: 1) More + 원급 - A로 시작하는 서술형용사 - 분사형용사 - -ful, -less, -ish, -ous, 로 끝나는 형 용사 - 형용사+ly 형태의 부사 (early는 예외) Famous More famous The most famous Pleasant More pleasant The most pleasant Afraid More afraid The most afraid Tired More tired The most tired Useful More useful The most useful slowly More slowly The most slowly 2) ending in –y: - 원급 + (y i) + er Busy Busier The busiest Funny Funnier The Funniest - 예외: unhappy, untidy는 둘다 가능 Unhappy Unhappier The Unhappiest More unhappy The most unhappy Untidy (지저분한, 단정 치못한) Untidier The untidiest More Untidy The most untidy Cleverer The cleverest More clever The most clever Friendlier The friendliest More friendly The most friendly 3) More + 원급 또는 원급 + er 둘다 OK: - able, angry, common, cruel, handsome, narrow, gentle, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, sour Friendly 3음절 이상 비교급: More + 원급 최상급: The most + 원급 Delicious More delicious The most delicious 복합형용사 둘 다 가능 Good-looking Better-looking Best looking More good-looking The most good-looking 6

5. 주의해야할 Irregular comparatives and superlatives 원급 Far 비교급 최상급 Farther(거리, 시간상) 더 멀리 Farthest Further(정도, 공간적) 더 멀리, Furthest Rome is farther from London than Paris is. The farther side of the bay (만의 저쪽) Further training would improve your job prospects. prevent further oil/chemical spillages. Little Less Least Later (시간) 늦은 Latest Latter (순서) 늦은 Last More Most Better Best Worse Worst Older 나이든 , 낡은 Oldest Elder 연상의, 손위의 Eldest Much Many Good (형용사: 좋은) Well (부사: 잘) Bad(나쁜) Badly(지독하게) Ill(아픈, 병든) Old 7

6. Equal Comparison (동등 비교): as ~ as, the same ~ as - as (so) - as + - the same + 형용사, 부사 + as + (대)명사 many/few + 가산 명사 + as + (대)명사 + (동사) much/little + 불가산 명사 + as + (대)명사 + (동사) many/much+ ø + as + 숫자 + 명사 + as + (대)명사 + (동사) She has many books. I have many books too. I have as many books as she (has). // 2문장을 하나로 // as+ many+ 명+ as He earns much money. His brother earns much money too. 동등비교 구조 - As 다음에 명사가 오기 위해서는 반드시 수량형용사가 와야 함. He earns as much money as his brother. // as+ much +불가산+as This grammar book is good. Yours is good too. This grammar book is as good as yours. // as + 형 + as His car runs fast. A race car runs fast too. His car runs as fast as a race car (runs fast). // as + 부사 + as Some of these fish can weigh as much as 80 kg. There are sometimes as many as 40 students in the classes. She is as tall as I (am). as much as, as many as는 숫자앞에 서만 사용 가능 as 형/부 as = the same + 명사 + as = She is the same height as I. He earns as much money as his brother. = He earns the same amount of money as his brother (earns). I have the same watch as you do. // 같은 등급, 같은 종류 My watch is the same as yours. // 똑같은 동일한 제품 My nationality is different from hers( her nationality). 주의: the same as 는 같은 동일한 제품를 의미 주의: The same as 의 반대말은 Our climate is different from Canada’s. different from 이지 different than이 아님. The train takes 30 minutes. By car, it'll take you twice as long (as the train takes) 두 번째 As의 생략: 의미가 분명한 I used to think he was smart. Now I'm not so sure (as I was sure before). 경우 두번째 As는 생략가능 8

7. Negative Equal Comparison(동등비교의 부정형) & Modifiers (강조자) Not + As (so) + 형/부 + as S + No longer + V No sooner + 조동사 + S + V than + S+V Tom is not as tall as Jim (is). = Tom is not so tall as Jim (is). 비교급 modifiers (긍정시) His job is not as difficult as mine. - Just as. . as : 동일 - nearly/almost as. . as : 거의 비슷 - Not quite as. . as : small difference Amy is 5. Jim is 5. Amy is just as old as Jim. // 동일 Amy is 5. Johh is 6. Amy is nearly/almost as old as John. //거의 비슷 Amy is 5. Tom is 8. Amy is not quite as old as Tom. //조금 차이 - Not nearly as. . as: big difference - Not as. . as Amy is 5. Tina is 10. Amy is not nearly as old as Tina. //많이 차이 9

8. Unequal Comparison (차등 비교) 형/부 + er More/ Fewer/Less + 명/형/부 + than + S + (V) I am taller than Tom. (O) 비교급 기본: I am taller than Tom is. (O) - 비교급에서 as 다음에는 주어+동 사옴. (동사생략가능) I am taller than him. (O) // 목적격은 informal I am more tall than Tom. (X)// tall은 1음절이라서 more 불가 I am more taller than Tom. (X) // 비교급이 둘 안됨 Anna is much taller than Tom. (O) // much는 수식어라 비교급에 OK - 비교급표현에서 very 또는 more 와 –er 둘이 동시에 사용될 수 없음 (주의: much(수식어)다음에는 비 교급 올 수 있음) Anna and Jim are taller than Tom and Bob. // 비교대상이 둘 이상인 경우 He studies harder than I do. // do = study Anna’s hair is longer than kate’s. // 비교 대상이 소유격이면 소유격가능 Anna’s room is smaller than mine. // 비교 대상이 소유격이면 소유격대명사가능 Anna’s room is smaller than my. (X) // 비교 대상이 소유격이면 소유격형불가(대명사) There were more people than we have expected. (O) //than에 목적어 없음 There were more people than we have expected them. (X) 주의: than 다음에 오는 절에는 주어 또는 목적어(보어)가 둘다 있 으면 안됨. 즉 불완전한 문장이 와 야 함. She spent more money than is sensible. (O) // than다음에 주어 없음 She spent more money than it is sensible. (X) I have more books than she (has). 명사를 비교할때는 count noun February has fewer days than March. 이냐 non-count noun이냐를 잘 구 분해서 determiner를 사용 There are more than 200 seats in theater. more than + 숫자+명사 10

9. Negative Unequal Comparisons 일반 비교급의 부정형은 be동 Anna is taller than Tom. Anna is not taller than Tom. // not 만 추가 사 다음에 not 추가, 일반 동사인 경우 don’t/doesn’t 추가 He studies harder than I. He doesn’t studies harder than me. Tom no longer studies at the university. No longer = not … anymore = Tome does not study at the university anymore. Anna may no longer use the car because it’s more than 15 years old. = Anna may not use the car anymore No sooner had we started out for California, than it stared to rain. No sooner~, than = as soon as No sooner will he arrive, than he will want to live. No sooner had she entered the building, than she felt the presence of somebody else. 11

10. Unequal Comparison의 강조(modifiers) S+V + far/ by far/ much/even/still/ a lot/a little bit/ a little 비교급 + + than + Noun pronoun more + 원급 비교급에 사용되는 Modifiers: Anna is taller than Tom. Anna is far taller than Tom. // 비교급 강조 much, a lot, a little bit, a little, even, far, by far, slightly, somewhat, a bit Anna is much taller than Tom. // 비교급 강조 원급에서 사용되는 Modifiers: Anna is very taller than I am. (X) // 비교급에서 very 못사용 His car is far better than yours. A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon. quite, too, very, almost, just, nearly More 다음에 비교급 안옴. 비교급에서 very 사용 못함. 그 러나 much를 수식할 수 있음 - very much nicer (O) Jim’s watch is far more expensive than mine. He speaks English much more rapidly than she does Spanish. She dances much more artistically than her predecessor. 12

11. Illogical Comparison (잘못된 비교) His drawings are as perfect as his instructor. (X) // 비교 대상의 잘못 비교급에서 비 Drawings vs. instructor 교 대상은 동일한 자격을 가져야 한 다. His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s. (O) Instructor’s (=instructor’s drawings) vs. his drawing The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (X) Salary vs. secretary The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. (O) The salary of vs. that of The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (X) Duties vs. teacher. The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher. (O) Those of vs. the duties of Classes in the university are more difficult than those in high school. (O) Your accent is not as strong as my mother’s. (O) // mother’s = mother’s accent The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California. (O) // that of = the climate of 13

12. Multiple number Comparatives Three times, Ten times, … S+V + Twice Half + 비교급 + + 명사 as 원급 as Anna’s house is twice as large as Jim’s. (O) // twice는 동등비교만 사용 가능 twice 와 half는 동급 This book costs twice as much as the other one. 비교인 as. . as에서만 사용가능 Jim wasted twice as much times as I did. // as. . as 안에 times올 수 있음 Jim ate twice as many oysters as Anna. Tom has half as many CDs now as I had last year. 주의: much times는 as. . as 안에 올 수 있다 XX times는 오직 비 교급에서만 사용가능 Anna’s house is twice larger than Jim’s. (X) // twice는 차등비교만 사용 불가 Anna’s house is two times larger than Jim’s. (O) // times는 차등비교만 가능 Anna’s house is two times more large than Jim’s. (O) 14

13. Double Comparatives: The + 비교급, The + 비교급 + (형, 명) + S + V, Themore+ +(형, 명) (명) + S + V, The + 비교급 + (형, 명) The+ +비교급 비교급+ +(형, 명) (명) The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel. + S+V ~머머 할 수록 더욱 ~하다. The higher we flew, the worse Anna felt. The bigger they are, the harder they fall. The sooner you take the medicine, the better you will feel. the better I made more mistakes as I tried to finish it faster. The more I tried to finish it faster, the more mistake I made. The more you study, the smarter you will become. The more you rowed the boat, the farther away he got. The more he saves money, the higher the price of a house goes 15

14. Comparison without ‘than’: using ‘Of the two’ The + 비교급 Of the two (three, four. . ) + 명, Of + 명, + Of the two + 명 + S+V + The + 비교급 The more + 원급 Anna is the smarter of the two women. 비교 대상이 2개인경우: 비교급 (주의: = Of the two women, Anna is the smarter. 일반적으로 비교급에는 the를 사용하지 않 으나, of the two인 경우 반드시 the 사용) Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier. Of the two books, this one is the more interesting. of the two 표현은 문두나 문중, 문미에 올 수 있음 주의: 비교 대상이 3개 이상인 경우: 최상 급 사용 Of gold and silver, the former is the more precious. of the two 표현 대신, Of + 명사가능 16

15. 혼동하기 쉬운 비교표현 He is more cunning than intelligent. // 지적인것 보다는 교활하다 More + B + than + A = He is cunning rather than intelligent. = B rather than A = He is rather cunning than intelligent. = rather B than A = He is not so much intelligent as cunning. = Not so much A as B He is more a politician than a scholar. A라기 보다는 B다 =He is not so much a scholar as a politician. =He is less a scholar than a politician. A whale is no more a fish than a dog is. // 개가 어류가 아니것처럼, 고래 가 어류가 아니다. A is no more ~ than B is : A가 ~아닌 A is similar to B // A 는 B와 비슷하다 유사 비교급 표현 Similarly, // 그와 비슷하게 ~ 이다 Compared to ~ // ~와 비교할 때 것은 B가 ~아니것과 같다 Would rather A than B // B 보다 A를 더 선호하다 Superior to // ~보다 우등한 Inferior to // ~보다 열등한 Prior to A // A 보다 이전에, A보다 중요한 -or 로 끝나는 형용사는 그 자체로 비교급이며, than 이 아닌 to 를 사용 17

16. Superlatives: basic S+V the, one of the + the second /third /. . + 형/부 + est Most/Least + 형/부 + in the + 명사, of all the+ 명사 형용사절 Anna drove more cautiously than Jim. // 부사의 비교급 부사의 경우, 끝이 –er, -est 로 끝나는 비교급, Anna drove the most cautiously of all. // 부사의 최상급이 거의 없으면, more (less), most (least) 를 사용해서 비교급, 최상급을 만든다. Anna is the smartest in the class. Tom is the shortest of the family. He's the best of the lot. 주의: in the world (O), in the class (O), of the world (X), of the class (X) of 다음에는 복수 명사 또는 all, the lot이 옴 These shoes are the least expensive of all. Korea is one of the most successful countries in Economic One of the + 복명 + 단동 Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world. One of + 최상급+ 복명 + 단동: 강조시 She is by far the oldest among all. 최상급의 강조: He is quite the most stupid man I’ve ever met. - by far, much, even, quite(= absolutely), nearly, easily That was easily the worst party I had been to this year. I am nearly the oldest in my department. I’ll prepare my very best food for tonight. She is the very first customer to visit my shop. - very를 통한 최상급강조: best, first, next, last 등 을 수식 - possible를 통한 최상급 강조 This is your very last chance. The car was running at the highest speed possible. Hyundai Group is the second largest group in Korea. = Hyundai Group is the largest but one in Korea. the + 서수 + 최상급: 순위를 표현할때 18

17. 원급과 비교급을 통한 최상급 표현 The비교급 + than any other + 단명 than all the other + 복명 The As 형/명 + 비교급 as + any + 단명 No other + 단명 The + 비교급 Nobody/Nothing + as. . as 비교급 than + 단명 No other city in Korea is as(so) large as Seoul. // 부정주어를 통한 최상급 No (other) + 단명 + as 원급 as Nobody can speak English fluently better than Mina. Nothing (nobody) +. . + 비교급 + than Bill Gates is richer than any other man in the world. //any other+단명 비교급+ than+ any other + 단명 Bill Gates is richer than all the other men in the world. //all the other+복명 비교급+ than+ all the (other)+ 복명 My daughter is more precious than anyone else. 비교급+ than+ anything/anyone else Mina speaks English as fluently as any student in her class. It's as good as any of the other drugs on the market. // 어떤약보다도 우수한 Herbs have never been more popular than now. as+ 원급+ as+ any+ 단명 as+ 원급+ as+ any of the other+ 복명 have never/hardly/rarely been + 비교급 도 최상급 표현 19

18. 무관사 최상급 It is his greatest pleasure to read novels. 정관사가 명사 또는 대명사의 소유 격으로 대체되는 경우. This river is deepest at this point. He is nicest when he is with his children. (O) 동일인, 동일물, 동일 대상물내에 서 비교일 경우 the 사용 불가 He is the nicest when he is with his children. (X) He always works hardest in the office. He always works the hardest in the office. (X) 동사다음에 오는 부사의 최상급인 경우 the 사용 불가. 그러나 이 경우도 비교의 의미가 강할 경우 the 사용 가 능. He always works (the) hardest in the office; his colleges do not know what the work is. // He vs. His colleges 비교중 I am the strongest. // 나는 가장 힘센 ~ 이다라는 의미. 즉 뒤에 명사가 생 략된 구조 따라서 the 생략 불가 I am Ø strongest. // 나는 가장 힘세다. 최상급이 보어로 쓰임 명사가 올 필요가 없는 최상급에서 는 the를 사용할 필요가 없음. 즉 최상 급다음에 생략 가능 Linking verb다음에 the 생략 가능( Which one is Ø strongest? 즉 최상급이 보어가 되는 경우) Which one is the strongest person? // 뒤에 명사가 오면 the 사용 Who can run Ø fastest in this class? Which season do you like Ø best? 20

19. 원급과 비교급의 관용적 표현 More than ~ 이상 비교급 관용표현들 1 Less than ~ 이하 Other than ~이외에 He has no close friends other than me. // 나 이외에 친한 친구들이 없다 Rather than ~보다 Trucks are used to carry things rather than people. // 트럭은 사람들보다 물건을 나 르는데 사용된다 Would rather A than B B 하느니 차라리 A 하겠다. No more than = only 불과, 겨우 Not more than = at most 기껏해야, 많아야 No less than = as many as ~만큼이나 Not less than = at least No later than 비교급 관용표현들 2 적어도 늦어도 ~ 까지 No better than = as good as ~와 다름없는 None the less ~에도 불구하고 All the 비교급 + for (because) ~때문에 더욱 더 ~ 하다 비교급 관용표현들 3 I like him all the better because of his faults. as cold as ice as hard as nails as black as night as. . . as hell As (so) long as ~하는 한, ~ 하는 동안 As far as ~하는 한 As 원급 as possible 가능한한 ~(원급)하게 = as 원급 as one can At last 마침내, 드디어, 결국 At (the) best 비교급 관용표현들 4 최상급 관용표현들 기껏해야, 최대한(최고로) At (the) most 많아야 = not more than At (the) least 적어도 = not less than 21