AP Euro Week 12 Napoleon Review of French

AP Euro Week 12: Napoleon

Review of French Revolutionary Governments § § § § Louis XVI (1754 -1789) National Assembly (1789 -1791) Legislative Assembly (1791 -1792) National Convention (1792 -1794) Directory (1795 -1799) Consulate (1799 -1804) Empire (1804 -1815)

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte Born in Corsica Sent to France to go to school Studied military strategy in school Moved up ranks in army until he became a commander § Ambitious, self-made man § §

Italian Campaign § Napoleon’s first successful campaign § Outmaneuvered Austrian army in Italy even though he was outnumbered § Suppressed religious orders and nobles in Italy § Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) gives France some Austrian territories in Northern Italy § Nap becomes well-known general

The Egyptian Campaign § Invaded Egypt in 1798 -99 § Egypt was a British colony indirect attack on GB § Nap is at first very successful § British fleet arrives and corners his army he abandons army and sneaks back to France (greeted as a hero!)

France in 1800

Napoleon’s takeover § France was ruled by the unpopular Directory § Governed by body of 5 electors § In 1799, Nap launches a coup d’etat and creates the Consulate § Nap is First Consul his power overwhelms other two Consuls § 1802 he proclaims himself “Consul for life” § In 1804 Nap proclaims himself emperor of France

Napoleon’s Reforms § Napoleonic Code: new legal code, enforced Fr. Revolution ideas of merit and equality § But it took away rights like freedom of speech and limited women’s rights § Professional bureaucracy in all 83 departments § “Careers open to talent” § Bank of France: helped get rid of deficit and tax problems

Napoleon’s Reforms § Nation-wide system of high schools (lycees) and universities § Concordat of 1801: Deal between Nap and Pope – Nap lets RCC back into France, but Pope has to recognize Nap’s veto power § Nap was just trying to make the clergy and peasants happy – not really religious

War of the First Coalition § § 1792 -1797 France vs. Austria, GB, Prussia Included Italian Campaign Ended by Treaty of Campo Formio

War of the Second Coalition § § § 1798 -1801 France vs. Austria, Russia, GB Egyptian Campaign – begins when Nap invades Egypt Battle of the Nile: French defeated by Lord Nelson’s Navy Peace of Luneville (1801) with Austria continued terms of Campo Formio Peace of Amiens (1802) with GB – shortlived

War of the Third Coalition § 1805 -1807 § France vs. GB, Austria, Russia, Prussia (originally neutral, came in later) § Defeated by GB at Battle of Trafalgar § GB’s naval supremacy § Treaty of Tilsit (1807) – Nap establishes dominance over entire European continent

The Continental System § Banned import of British goods into Napoleonic Europe § Economic warfare – trying to defeat GB economically § Very unpopular opposition to Nap throughout Euro

The Continental System

Peninsular War § Nap forces Spanish King Charles IV (Bourbon) to abdicate § Joseph Bonaparte (Nap’s brother) made king in 1808 § Spain angry at French takeover and leads guerrilla resistance § Guerrilla war drained French resources (300, 000 men)

Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

The Russian Campaign § 1810 Alexander I withdraws Russia from Continental System § Nap’s Grand Army invades Russia (700, 000 men) § Russians retreated to Moscow as French advanced § Russians burn Moscow so Nap won’t get supplies § Winter comes and Nap’s men are freezing/starving retreats

Napoleon’s Fall from Power § Grand Alliance defeated Nap at Battle of Leibzig surrenders § Napoleon exiled to Elba (1814) § Monarchy restored under Louis XVIII

Treaty of Paris (1814) § § § Goes easy on France – no punishment Returns to 1792 borders Congress of Vienna (1814 -1815) § Keeps BOP in Euro § Dominated by major powers: Russia, GB, Austria, Prussia, France

The Hundred Days § Napoleon escapes (March 1815) and returns to France!! § Gains support from army § Re-claims himself emperor § Defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (June 1815) § Napoleon exiled to St. Helena

The Battle of Waterloo

The Peace of Vienna (1815) § More severe: France has to pay 700 million francs, army of occupation § Old kingdoms re-established § Restored BOP § Quadruple Alliance and Holly Alliance “Concert of Euro” – main powers meet and keep peace/BOP

The Legacy of Napoleon § Nationalism § New Constitutions that guarantee rights (liberty, equality) throughout Europe § Napoleonic battle tactics § Meritocracy § Europe scared of liberalism becomes more conservative