Napoleon Dynamite Emperor of the French Er maybe

Napoleon Dynamite Emperor of the French

Er. . . maybe not

Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor of The French

Early Life Born Corsica, 1769 Parents were lesser nobility Spent early years in a military college Captain of artillery in 1789

Napoleon & The Revolution Joined the Jacobin Club Drove the British from the port city of Toulon - 1793 Promoted to Brigadier General - 1793 Flight of the Emigrés resulted in fast promotion for the political and the able

“Ability is nothing without opportunity. ” Napoleon

A Young Napoleon In Action

Napoleon & the Directory Called to Paris to put down Royalist revolt - 1795 “Whiff of Grapeshot” New regime was dependent on military from the outset Napoleon received command of an army in 1796

Napoleon in Italy was politically fragmented Northern Italy was controlled by the Austrian Empire Napoleon crossed the Alps in 1796 Drove the Austrians from northern Italy This was the foundation of his career

Napoleon in Italy Parisian gov’t was too fragmented & poor to pay Napoleon’s troops His army became self-supporting in Italy living off what it took from the conquered land Napoleon’s troops grew to love him – He, not France, ensured they were paid – He was successful – He took an interest in their welfare

Napoleon in Italy French invasion threw Italy into turmoil Napoleon used this to his advantage He set up the Cisalpine Republic in the Po Valley Modeled on French system

A Young Napoleon

Napoleon in Italy The Directory wanted to return Milan to the Austrians in return for recognition of French conquests in Belgium Napoleon refused - he needed people who agreed with him in the Directory He needed expansionists in power

Napoleon in Italy He negotiated with the Austrians as would an ambassador Because he operated with a free hand in Italy, he gained valuable practice in running civil administration

Coup d’État of Fructidor September 4, 1797 The Directory asked for Napoleon’s help Napoleon sent a general with an army to the aid of the Directory With this backing, the two councils annulled the elections and removed two Directors Old Republicans gained control. . .

and were dependent on Napoleon!

Treaty of Campo Formio - 1797 Negotiated between Napoleon &Austrians Austria recognized: – French annexation of Belgium – French right to Left Bank of Rhine River – French domination of Cisalpine Republic French recognized: – Austria’s possession of Venice and the Veneto

Napoleon in Egypt

Napoleon in Egypt Napoleon returned to France after Campo Formio He was hailed by beleaguered Directory as a hero Napoleon was placed in charge of army training to invade Great Britain

Napoleon in Egypt Napoleon favoured striking at British Empire indirectly He recognized India as jewel in British Imperial Crown He decided to threaten India by conquering Egypt

Letter From Napoleon to Josephine

Admiral Horatio Nelson

Napoleon in Egypt In the spring of 1798 Napoleon snuck an invasion force past the Royal Navy It landed at the mouth of the Nile Napoleon defeated the Mamelukes at the Battle of the Pyramids on July 21, 1798

The Battle of the Pyramids

Napoleon in Egypt

Napoleon in Egypt Admiral Nelson of the Royal Navy scoured the Mediterranean for the French fleet He landed in Alexandria, but was asked by the Turks to leave Shortly after Nelson’s squadron left, the French fleet arrived

Napoleon in Egypt On August 1, 1798 Nelson’s ships caught the French Fleet at Aboukir Bay

At Anchor The Battle of Aboukir Bay August 1 -2, 1798

The Explosion of L’Orient

Napoleon in Egypt The Egyptian campaign must be put into the larger European context – Russia had interests in the region (Near East) – Austria was irritated by French rearrangement of German states – Great Britain was worried about French threat to India The second coalition was the result

Napoleon in Egypt Second Coalition: – Russia – Great Britain – Austria – Ottoman Empire War went badly for the French – Aboukir Bay – Russian army as far west as Switzerland The Directory was losing control of France

Coup d’Etat of 1799 Napoleon abandoned his army in Egypt He slipped through British fleet Landed unexpectedly in France, October 9, 1799 Found certain members of the Directory wanted a change Napoleon would be the heroic face of that change

The Rosetta Stone

Coup d’Etat of 1799 Military dictatorship was unpopular Napoleon had to resort to force November 9, 1799 he disbanded the Directory Replaced by the Consolate

Europe, 1799

The Consulate Government Bonaparte headed by three Consuls was the First Consul

Domestic Policy The Consulate & The Empire

Constitution Napoleon believed that the people had ultimate authority Once exercised, the public was not to interfere He submitted a “Constitution” for their approval by plebiscite - it or nothing Passed by large majority

Constitution Universal male suffrage Chose “Notables” - public offices given to “Notables” Legislative Assembly could not initiate nor discuss legislation - reject or enact only Council of State proposed all major legislation - headed by First Council

Organization of the State Centralized authority Secret Political Police Prefects ruled Departments Prefects under direct control of Minister of the Interior

Domestic Policy Established law and Order throughout France – Put down rebellion in the west – Collected taxes throughout the country Amnesty to Emigres and Terrorists Surrounded himself with able men Efficient beuracracy

Concordat of 1801 Peace with the Church Pope gained control over the clergy again Public worship allowed Church seminaries reopened Pope recognized the republic Lands remained with Republic Catholicism to be the religion of the majority of Frenchmen All clergy on the state payroll

Economics No tax exemptions Standardized expenditure and accounting Established Bank of France Established sound currency

Napoleonic Code Actually 5 separate codes The Civil code is the Code Napoleon Mix of Ancien Regime and Enlightenment principles Legal equality Law of property Contracts, debts, leases, stock companies

Napoleonic Code Banned labour organizations Labourers could NOT take their employers to court Limited the rights of women Husband had control over property and children Civil marriages and divorces

Napoleonic Code The Code has set the character of France to this day – Socially bourgeois – Legally egalitarian – Administratively bureaucratic

The Emperor Napoleon In May, 1804 Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French Hereditary permanency

Foreign Policy The Napoleonic Wars

“Glory is fleeting, but obscurity is forever. ” Napoleon

Coalitions First, 1792 -1797 - Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, & Spain Second, 1798 -1801 - Great Britain, Russia, Austria & Ottoman Empire Third, 1805 -1807 - Great Britain, Sweden, Austria, & Russia Fought for defense, but also expansionist policies

Napoleon & Great Britain After 1803 Napoleon had designs on Britain dependent on its fleet & Austro. Russian armies moving west October, 1805 - Austro-Russian army defeated at Ulm October, 1805 Franco-Spanish fleet defeated at Trafalgar