Aeneid VI Hinc Aeneas has just Aeneid VI

Aeneid VI

• Hinc – Aeneas has just Aeneid VI. 295 -332 passed through the Hinc via Tartarei quae fert Acherontis ad undas. 295 entrance to Hades turbidus hic caeno vastaque voragine gurges • The Acheron is a river in aestuat atque omnem Cocyto eructat harenam. Hades which derives from portitor has horrendus aquas et flumina servat the Greek word for terribili squalore Charon, cui plurima mento grieving canities inculta iacet, stant lumina flamma, 300 • caenum, -i = mud/ filth/ sordidus ex umeris nodo dependet amictus. slime • • • vorago, voraginis (f) = whirlpool/ whirling water • gurges, gurgitis (m) = squalor, squaloris (m) = filth/ squalor whirlpool/ abyss mentum, -i = chin/ beard • aestuo, -are, -avi, -atus = canities, canitiei = grayness/ gray beard boil/ seethe • The Cocytus is a nother incultus, -a, -um = wild/ unkempt/ river in Hades that derives shaggy from the Greek word stant lumina flamma = his fixed gaze is meaning lament; it is onomatopoetic lit with fire • eructo, -are, -avi, -atus = nodus, -i = knot/ coil vomit/ belch • • amictus, -us = cloak

• ipse ratem conto subigit velisque ministrat et ferruginea subvectat corpora cumba, • iam senior, sed cruda deo viridisque senectus. • huc omnis turba ad ripas effusa ruebat, 305 matres atque viri defunctaque corpora vita • magnanimum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae, • impositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum: quam multa in silvis autumni frigore primo • lapsa cadunt folia, aut ad terram gurgite ab alto 310 quam multae glomerantur aves, ubi frigidus annus trans pontum fugat et terris immittit apricis. • • glomero, -are, -avi, -atus = roll together/ gather • apricus, -a, -um = sunny/ sun-loving • There is a double simile in lines 309312, comparing dead souls to leaves and birds bringing out their lightness and motility and hinting at a chill that permeates the underworld ratis, ratis (f) = raft/ boat contus, -i = pole/ pike ferrugineus, -a, -um = rusty cumba, -ae = skiff/ boat crudus, -a, -um = raw/ fresh. bloody defungor, defungi, defunctus + abl. = perform/ finish matres… viri… corpora… heroum… pueri… puellae… iuvenes – six separate nouns are used to capture the inclusivity of Hades – all of the dead are here. Each group of three creates a tricolon crescens; matres – mothers can be used generally as women

stabant orantes primi transmittere cursum tendebantque manus ripae ulterioris amore. navita sed tristis nunc hos nunc accipit illos, 315 ast alios longe summotos arcet harena. Aeneas miratus enim motusque tumultu 'dic, ' ait, 'o virgo, quid vult concursus ad amnem? quidve petunt animae? vel quo discrimine ripas hae linquunt, illae remis vada livida verrunt? ' 320 • hae… illae = Aeneas points to the different groups of souls • vadum, -i = shallow/ shoal • lividus, -a, -um = blue/ dark/ livid • navita, -ae (m) = sailor/ boatman • Notice the anaphora and asyndeton in line 315 that underscores Charon’s constant vigilance when faced with the unceasing approach of souls • summoveo, summovere, summovi, summotus = remove • quid… amnem = what does the gathering at the river want?

longaevus, -a, -um = aged/ very old stagnum, -i = still waters/ depth The name Styx is derived from the Greek word meaning hate di… numen = on the divine power of which the gods fear to swear and to deceive palus, paludis (f) = swamp/ marsh • inops, inopis = needy/ destitute • portitor, portitoris (m) = ferryman • fluentum, -i = stream/ flood • olli sic breviter fata est longaeva sacerdos: 'Anchisa generate, deum certissima proles, • Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamque paludem, di cuius iurare timent et fallere numen. • haec omnis, quam cernis, inops inhumataque turba est; 325 portitor ille Charon; hi, quos vehit unda, sepulti. nec ripas datur horrendas et rauca fluenta transportare prius quam sedibus ossa quierunt. • centum errant annos volitantque haec litora circum; tum demum admissi stagna exoptata revisunt. ' 330 constitit Anchisa satus et vestigia pressit multa putans sortemque animo miseratus iniquam. • os, ossis (n) = bone Notice the anastrophe in line 329 volito, -are, -avi, -atus = fly/ speed/ flit exopto, -are, -avi, -atus = choose/ hope for • iniquus, -a, -um = unfair • •

• Aeneid VI. 384 -425 Ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquant. navita quos iam inde ut Stygia prospexit ab unda 385 per tacitum nemus ire pedemque advertere ripae, sic prior adgreditur dictis atque increpat ultro: • 'quis es, armatus qui nostra ad flumina tendis, fare age, quid venias, iam istinc et comprime gressum. umbrarum hic locus est, somni noctisque soporae: 390 • corpora viva nefas Stygia vectare carina. • • perago, peragerem peregi, peractus = accomplish/ finish/ traverse increpo, increpare, increpui, increpitus = reprove/ chide armatus qui is an example of anastrophe fare age = come now, speak istinc = from there comprimo, comprimere, compressi, compressus = repress soporus, -a, -um = sleepy/ causing slumber

• Nec… sum laetatus = nec vero Alciden me sum laetatus euntem litotes; Charon was accepisse lacu, nec Thesea Pirithoumque, punished for helping dis quam geniti atque invicti viribus essent. Hercules cross the river Tartareum ille manu custodem in vincla petiuit 395 Styx and is not eager to ipsius a solio regis traxitque trementem; be punished again hi dominam Ditis thalamo deducere adorti. ' • lacus, -us = lake/ marsh • Thesea Pirithoumque – Theseus went to the Underworld with his friend Pirithous hoping to carry off Proserpina; instead he was caught by Pluto and imprisoned in a stone seat. In some versions, Hercules frees Theseus, but in the Aeneid, Theseus is described as still trapped (6. 617 -620) • solium, -i = throne/ seat • thalamus, -i = marriage chamber

Amphrysia vates is a reference to the river Amphrysus in Thessaly where Apollo shepherded the flocks of Admetus castus, -a, -um = pure/ holy/ chaste patrui – Proserpina’s father is Jupiter • tumidus, -a, -um = swollen • venerabilis, -e = venerable/ aweinspiring quae contra breviter fata est Amphrysia vates: • 'nullae hic insidiae tales (absiste moveri), nec vim tela ferunt; licet ingens ianitor antro 400 aeternum latrans exsanguis terreat umbras, casta licet patrui servet Proserpina limen. Troius Aeneas, pietate insignis et armis, ad genitorem imas Erebi descendit ad umbras. si te nulla movet tantae pietatis imago, 405 at ramum hunc' (aperit ramum qui veste latebat) 'agnoscas. ' tumida ex ira tum corda residunt; • nec plura his. ille admirans venerabile donum fatalis virgae longo post tempore visum caeruleam aduertit puppim ripaeque propinquat. 410 •

• iugum, -i = yoke/ ridge; inde alias animas, quae per iuga longa sedebant, in this context it refers deturbat laxatque foros; simul accipit alveo to the benches on ingentem Aenean. gemuit sub pondere cumba Charon’s boat sutilis et multam accepit rimosa paludem. tandem trans fluvium incolumis vatemque virumque 415 • forus, -i = gangway/ informi limo glaucaque exponit in ulva. deck Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci • alveus, -i = hollow/ personat adverso recubans immanis in antro. boat/ trough • limus, -i = slime/ mud • glaucus, -a, -um = gray/ grayish green/ gleaming • ulva, -ae = sedge/ marsh grass • Notice the anastrophe in line 416 • trifaux, trifaucis = three throated • persono, -are, -avi, -atus = sound through/ resound • cumba, -ae = skiff/ boat • sutilis, -e = sewn (the boat is sewn together from animal skins or tree bark) • rimosus, -a, -um = full of cracks/ leaky • palus, paludis (m) = swamp/ marsh • informis, -e = shapeless/ hideous

cui vates horrere videns iam colla colubris • melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam 420 • obicit. ille fame rabida tria guttura pandens • corripit obiectam, atque immania terga resolvit fusus humi totoque ingens extenditur antro. occupat Aeneas aditum custode sepulto • evaditque celer ripam inremeabilis undae. 425 • collum, -i = neck mel, mellis (n) = honey soporo, -are, -avi, -atus = make drowsy/ make sleepy/ drug frux, frugis (f) = fruit/ grain obicio, obicere, obieci, obiectus = present/ place before; obicit which appears on line 421 but completes the thought on line 420 is an example of enjambment • rabidus, -a, -um = raving/ mad • pando, pandere, pandi, passus = spread open/ loosen • inremeabilis, -e = from which there is no return/ irretracable (based on remeare - to come or go back)

Aeneid VI. 450 -476 inter quas Phoenissa recens a vulnere Dido 450 errabat silva in magna; quam Troius heros ut primum iuxta stetit agnovitque per umbras obscuram, qualem primo qui surgere mense aut videt aut uidisse putat per nubila lunam, demisit lacrimas dulcique adfatus amore est: 455 • inter quas – Dido is the last in a list of mythical females about whose sad deaths we are reminded as Aeneas observes them in the Underworld • recens – Vergil wishes to emphasize not only the freshness of the wound, but also Dido’s recent arrival in the Underworld • iuxta = near/ next to/ close to • Notice the simile in lines 453 -454

'infelix Dido, verus mihi nuntius ergo venerat exstinctam ferroque extrema secutam? funeris heu tibi causa fui? per sidera iuro, per superos et si qua fides tellure sub ima est, invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi. 460 sed me iussa deum, quae nunc has ire per umbras, per loca senta situ cogunt noctemque profundam, imperiis egere suis; nec credere quiui hunc tantum tibi me discessu ferre dolorem. siste gradum teque aspectu ne subtrahe nostro. 465 • nuntius – what could this be referring to? • sentus, -a, -um = rough/ thorny • situs, -us = position/ neglect/ decay • queo, quire, quivi, quitus = be able/ can • subtraho, subtrahere, subtraxi, subtractus = withdraw

extremum = this is the last torvus, -a, -um = fierce/ grim/ lowering tueor, tueri, tuitus sum = look at/ watch; tuentem… animum – notice the personification lenio, lenire, lenivi, lenitus = soften/ soothe/ calm cieo, ciere, civi, citus = stir/ arouse • Notice all the echoes from Book IV: “Infelix Dido”, silex, silicis (m) = flint/ rock. crag now she is keeping her Marpessus on the Greek island of Paros eyes fixed to the ground was renowned as a source of fine when he is trying to talk with her, any others? marble for sculpture • sermone is ironic, as it cautes, cautis (f) = rock/ cliff/ crag suggests that Dido umbrifer, umbrifera, umbriferum = engaged in conversation, filled with shades (has a double but did she? • quem fugis? extremum fato quod te adloquor hoc est. ' talibus Aeneas ardentem et torua tuentem • lenibat dictis animum lacrimasque ciebat. • illa solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat nec magis incepto vultum sermone movetur 470 quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes. tandem corripuit sese atque inimica refugit • in nemus umbriferum, coniunx ubi pristinus illi respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem. • nec minus Aeneas casu percussus iniquo 475 prosequitur lacrimis longe et miseratur euntem. • • meaning here as the Underworld is filled with both ghosts and gloom)

Aeneid VI. 847 -899 excudent alii spirantia mollius aera (credo equidem), vivos ducent de marmore vultus, orabunt causas melius, caelique meatus describent radio et surgentia sidera dicent: 850 tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento (hae tibi erunt artes), pacique imponere morem, parcere subiectis et debellare superbos. ' • excudo, excudere, excudi, excusus = hammer out/ fashion – future tense is used repeatedly as Anchises gives a proleptic speech (one that looks forward in time and outside the frame of the rest of the tale) • spirantia aera – breathing bronzes (so lifelike they seem to breathe) • meatus, -us = course/ path/ motion • describo, describere, descripsi, descriptus = mark out/ map/ trace • radius, radii = ray/ rod/ spoke/ compass • subicio, subicere, subieci, subiectus = vanquish • debello, -are, -avi, -atus = battle down/ crush

• spolia opima = spoils of honor, Sic pater Anchises, atque haec mirantibus addit: won when a Roman general with his own hand slew the 'aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis 855 general of the opposing army; ingreditur victorque viros supereminet omnis. these were won before by hic rem Romanam magno turbante tumultu Romulus early in his kingship, sistet eques, sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem, by Cossus in 428 BC (who was mentioned in line 841), and by tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino. ' M. Claudius Marcellus the atque hic Aeneas (una namque ire videbat 860 Elder in the Punic Wars. When egregium forma iuvenem et fulgentibus armis, Augustus came to power, he sed frons laeta parum et deiecto lumina vultu) decreed that since he had imperium, only he and his 'quis, pater, ille, virum qui sic comitatur euntem? ancestors could merit this filius, anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum? honor. qui strepitus circa comitum! quantum instar in ipso! 865 • supermineo, superminere = sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra. ' tower above • egregius, -a, -um = extraordinary/ distinquished • • virum refers to M. Claudius Marcellus, son of Octavia, who was married to Julia, whom Augustus had chosen as his successor, but he died in 23 BC • stirps, stirpis (f) = stock/ lineage • instar (n) (undecl. ) = image/ likeness/ weight/ dignity suspendet = the act of hanging the spoils of war in a temple and dedicating it to a god. The dedication to Quirinus highlights Romulus who first started this tradition by dedicating his spolia opima to Jupiter Feretrius (Jupiter, a witness to contracts)

• oborior, oboriri, obortus sum = tum pater Anchises lacrimis ingressus obortis: arise/ spring up 'o gnate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum; • luctus, luctus = grief/ mourning/ sorrow (Ancient ostendent terris hunc tantum fata nec ultra tradition reports that these esse sinent. nimium uobis Romana propago 870 lines were recited by Vergil to visa potens, superi, propria haec si dona fuissent. Augustus and Octavia, the quantos ille uirum magnam Mauortis ad urbem mother of Marcellus. Octavia is said to have fainted upon campus aget gemitus! vel quae, Tiberine, videbis hearning the poet’s tribute to funera, cum tumulum praeterlabere recentem! her son) nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos 875 • neque ultra – Marcellus was in tantum spe tollet auos, nec Romula quondam only 19 when he died ullo se tantum tellus iactabit alumno. • propago, propaginis (f) = offshoot/ offspring • Tiberinus was the god of the Tiber River; • proprius, -a, -um = one’s own/ notice the apostrophe special/ secure • tumulum refers to the Masoleum that • virum is a syncopated virorum Augustus had built and that would have barely in line 872 been completed by the time of Marcellus’ death; Marcellus was the first of many of the • Mavortis modifies both urbem, as Rome is the city of Romulus, Julio Claudians who were buried here son of Mars, and campus, as • praeterlabor, praeterlabi, praeterlapsus sum = the Roman populace would glide by; praetyerlabere here is a syncopated have viewed the funeral form of praeterlaberis procession on the Campus Martius

heu pietas, heu prisca fides invictaque bello dextera! non illi se quisquam impune tulisset obvius armato, seu cum pedes iret in hostem 880 seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos. heu, miserande puer, si qua fata aspera rumpas, tu Marcellus eris. manibus date lilia plenis purpureos spargam flores animamque nepotis his saltem accumulem donis, et fungar inani 885 munere. ' sic tota passim regione vagantur aeris in campis latis atque omnia lustrant. • lilium, lilii = lily • why purpureus? • fungor, fungi, functus sum = perform/ fulfill • obvius, -a, -um + dat. = meeting • calcar, calcaris (n) = spur/ goad • si… rumpas – some have argued that this means that Marcellus will come to merit his name, or that he will be a “real” marcellus only if he manages to overcome his fate, or Anchises might be breaking off with an aposiopesis as he is overcome by emotion at the sight of the youth = “You will be Marcellus, oh if only you were to break your harsh fate somehow”

quae postquam Anchises natum per singula duxit incenditque animum famae venientis amore, exim bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda, 890 Laurentisque docet populos urbemque Latini, et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem. Sunt geminae Somni portae, quarum altera fertur cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus umbris, altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto, 895 sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes. his ibi tum natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam prosequitur dictis portaque emittit eburna, ille viam secat ad nauis sociosque revisit. • exim, exinde = from there/ next • Laurentum is a city near Rome • Notice the tmesis in line 892 • fertur – Vergil implies that he two gates of the Underworld are already known by his readers (i. e. the two gates of dreams of Homer’s Odyssey, Book XIX) • corneus, -a, -um = horn • candens, candentis = shining/ white/ gleaming • elephantus, -i = elephant/ ivory; the association of ivory with deception is based in part on a play on words: the Greek verb elephairesthai means “to deceive”. ) • eburnus, -a, -um = of ivory