Zig Bee Content Introduction History Zig Bee Alliance

Zig. Bee

Content • Introduction – – – History Zig. Bee Alliance Characteristics Security Applications • Zig. Bee/IEEE 802. 15. 4 – IEEE 802. 15. 4 Physical Layer – IEEE 802. 15. 4 MAC Layer • Zig. Bee Network Topologies • Zig. Bee and Bluetooth Comparison

Introduction • Zig. Bee is a technological standard designed for control and sensor networks • Based on the IEEE 802. 15. 4 Standard • Created by the Zig. Bee Alliance

Introduction • Operates in Personal Area Networks (PAN’s) and device-to-device networks • Connectivity between small packet devices • Control of lights, switches, thermostats, appliances, etc.

History • Developement started 1998, when many enginereers realized that Wi. Fi and Bluetooth were going to be unsuitable for many applications • IEEE 802. 15. 4 standard was completed in May 2003

Zig. Bee Alliance • Organization defining global standards for reliable, cost‐effective, low power wireless applications • A consortium of end users and solution providers, primarily responsible for the development of the 802. 15. 4 standard • Developing applications and network capability utilizing the 802. 15. 4 packet delivery mechanism

Characteristics • • Low cost Low power consumption Low data rate Relatively short transmission range Scalability Reliability Flexible protocol design suitable for many applications

Security • Encryption specified for MAC, Network and APS layers • Encryprion/Authentication mode CCM(CTR +CBC-MAC) – CTR is a counter based encryption mode – CBC-MAC provides data integrity • All security is based on 128 bit key and AES-128 block encryption method

Applications monitors sensors automation control monitors diagnostics sensors INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL CONSUMER ELECTRONIC S TV VCR DVD/CD Remote control Zig. Bee PERSONAL HEALTH CARE consoles portables educational LOW DATA-RATE RADIO DEVICES TOYS & GAMES HOME AUTOMATION PC & PERIPHERAL S security HVAC lighting closures mouse keyboard joystick

Zig. Bee/IEEE 802. 15. 4 Application API Security 32 - / 64 - / 128 -bit encryption Network Customer Zig. Bee Alliance Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree MAC PHY 868 MHz / 915 MHz / 2. 4 GHz IEEE 802. 15. 4 Zig. Bee Alliance -“the software” -Network, Security & Application layers -Brand management IEEE 802. 15. 4 -“the hardware” -Physical & Media Access Control layers

IEEE 802. 15. 4 • IEEE 802. 15. 4 Architecture Zig. Bee Application Framework Networking App Layer Data Link Controller (DLC) IEEE 802. 2 LLC Other LLC IEEE 802. 15. 4 MAC IEEE 802. 15. 4 868/915 MHz PHY IEEE 802. 15. 4 2400 MHz PHY

IEEE 802. 15. 4 Physical Layer • PHY functionalities: – Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver – Energy detection within the current channel – Link quality indication for received packets – Clear channel assessment for CSMA-CA – Channel frequency selection – Data transmission and reception

PHY frame structure • PHY packet fields – Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization – Start of packet delimiter (8 bits) – shall be formatted as “ 11100101” – PHY header (8 bits) –PSDU length – PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) – data field Sync Header Start of Preamble Packet Delimiter 4 Octets 1 Octets PHY Header Frame Reserve Length (1 bit) (7 bit) 1 Octets PHY Payload PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) 0 -127 Bytes

Operating frequency bands • The standard specifies two PHYs : – 868 MHz/915 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY (11 channels) • 1 channel (20 Kb/s) in European 868 MHz band • 10 channels (40 Kb/s) in 915 (902 -928)MHz ISM band 868 MHz/ 915 MHz PHY Channel 0 868. 3 MHz Channels 1 -10 902 MHz 928 MHz

Operating frequency bands – 2450 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY (16 channels) • 16 channels (250 Kb/s) in 2. 4 GHz band 2. 4 GHz PHY 2. 4 GHz Channels 11 -26 5 MHz 2. 4835 GHz

IEEE 802. 15. 4 MAC Layer • Traffic Type – Periodic data • e. g. sensors – Intermittent data • e. g. light switch – Repetitive low latency data • e. g. mouse

IEEE 802. 15. 4 MAC Layer • Device Classes – Full function device (FFD) • Can function in any topology • Capable of being Network coordinator • Can talk to any other device (FFD/RFD) – Reduced function device (RFD) • Limited to star topology • Cannot become network coordinator • Talks only to FFDs • Address – All devices must have 64 bit IEEE addresses – Short (16 bit) addresses can be allocated to reduce packet size

IEEE 802. 15. 4 MAC Layer • Frame Types – Data Frame • used for all transfers of data – Beacon Frame • used by a coordinator to transmit beacons – Acknowledgment Frame • used for confirming successful frame reception – MAC Command Frame • used for handling all MAC peer entity control transfers

IEEE 802. 15. 4 MAC Layer • Transmission Mode – Slotted (Beacon enable mode ) • Periodic data and Repetitive low latency data using. – Un-slotted (Non-Beacon enable mode) • Intermittent data using.

Zig. Bee Network Topologies Mesh Star Cluster Tree PAN coordinator Full Function Device Reduced Function Device

Zig. Bee Network Topologies • Star Topology – Advantage • Easy to synchronize • Low latency – Disadvantage • Small scale

Zig. Bee Network Topologies • Mesh Topology – Advantage • Robust multihop communication • Network is more flexible • Lower latency – Disadvantage • Route discovery is costly • Needs storage for routing table

Zig. Bee Network Topologies • Cluster Tree – Advantage • Low routing cost • Allow multihop communication – Disadvantage • Route reconstruction is costly • Latency may be quite long

Zig. Bee and Bluetooth Comparison • Optimized for different applications – Zig. Bee • Smaller packets over large network • Mostly Static networks with many, infrequently used devices • Home automation, toys, remote controls, etc. – Bluetooth • • Larger packets over small network Ad‐hoc networks File transfer Screen graphics, pictures, handsfree audio, Mobile phones, headsets, PDAs, etc.

Zig. Bee and Bluetooth Comparison Feature(s) Power Profile Complexity Nodes/Master Latency Range Extendibility Data Rate Security Bluetooth Zig. Bee days years complex Simple 7 64000 10 seconds 30 ms – 1 s 10 m 70 m ~ 300 m no Yes 1 Mbps 250 Kbps 64 bit, 128 bit AES and Application Layer

Zig. Bee and Bluetooth Comparison HI-FI AUDIO STREAMING VIDEO SHORT DIGITAL VIDEO MULTI-CHANNEL VIDEO LAN 802. 11 b 802. 11 a/HL 2 & 802. 11 g 802. 15. 4 Zig. Bee 802. 15. 1 Bluetooth 2 < RANGE > LONG TEXT GRAPHICS INTERNET PAN 802. 15. 1 Bluetooth 1 LOW < DATA RATE > HIGH