ZEHRA TUNCER 2018900146 FBE 6668 Philosophy of Science

ZEHRA TUNCER 2018900146 FBE 6668 Philosophy of Science and Ethics Prof. Dr. Erol Kaya

MOVIE: ’’A BEAUTIFUL MIND’’ It is about the life of John Nash, a nerdy mathematician. John Forbes Nash begins studying at Princeton University with a scholarship. In this process, even Nash's brilliant intelligence and harmony with those around him who still feel the problem of Nash, an incredible theory to reveal and prove until the stage comes. Thus, even the man who spread his reputation by the mathematical circles began to struggle with schizophrenic symptoms over time. Nash now comes to a stage where he cannot distinguish real world from his fictional realities. Focusing on the real-life story of the famous mathematician John Nash, who received the Nobel Prize many years after his major achievements, the ‘A Beautiful Mind' proved his success with two Oscars. Director: Ron Howard Country: USA Release: 2001 http: //www. beyazperde. com/filmler/film-28384/

THE BOOK: ’’ ANIMAL FARM’’ Mr Jones of Manor Farm is so lazy and drunken that one day he forgets to feed his livestock. The ensuing rebellion under the leadership of the pigs Napoleon and Snowball leads to the animals taking over the farm. Vowing to eliminate the terrible inequities of the farmyard, the renamed Animal Farm is organised to benefit all who walk on four legs. But as time passes, the ideals of the rebellion are corrupted, then forgotten. And something new and unexpected emerges. . . 'All animals are equal. But some animals are more equal than others. ' Full Title · Animal Farm: A Fairy Story Author · George Orwell Time And Place Written · 1943– 1944, in London https: //www. dr. com. tr/Kitap/Animal-Farm-Penguin-Essentials/Foreign-Languages/Litera And-Novel/Literature/urunno=0000000299561

B O D R U M Homores’ ve once called Bodrum as ‘’ The land of endless blue. ’’

The man who made Bodrum famous; Cevat Sakir Kabaağaçlı or the Fisherman of Halicarnassus (1890 - 1973)

~ Historical Places~ Bodrum Castle Museum of Underwater Archaelogy Open-air museum: The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is one of the Seven Wonders of the World Zeki Müren Museum Bodrum Antique Theatre

~ Traditional Foods ~ Bodrum tangerine

WHAT IS THE CRITERIA FOR BEING SCIENTIFIC? IS IT ‘’VERIFIABILITY’’ OR ‘’FALSIABILITY’’?

A hypothesis is verifiable just if there is a procedure for determining whether it is true or false. A hypothesis is falsifiable just if there is a procedure which could determine that it is false. In other words: A hypothesis has falsifiability if it is contradicted by a basic statement, namely there is some way to prove it false. https: //www. wikizero. pro/index. php? q=a. HR 0 c. HM 6 Ly 9 lbi 53 a. Wtpc. GVka. WEub 3 Jn. L 3 dpa 2 kv. Vm. Vya. WZp. YWJpb. Gl 0 e. V 8 oc 2 Np. ZW 5 j. ZSk http: //www. encyclopedia 69. com/eng/d/verifiability-and-falsifiability/verifiability-and-

The problem is that in science it isn’t possible to prove a hypothesis true. This is because we always have to admit the possibility that in the future we will find some phenomenon that our theory can’t explain. So in science, the only way to test a hypothesis is to try to prove it wrong. If you fail, then your hypothesis is considered correct until someone else finds a way to prove it wrong. Eventually, after enough evidence has amassed to support it, and no one has managed to prove it wrong, your hypothesis is considered a theory. https: //www. quora. com/Why-must-a-theory-or-hypothesis-be-falsifiable-to-be-true

► Falsiability allows us to determine what is and is not a valid scientific hypothesis. *We’ll talk about how scientific statements can be falsified, not at any point about whether or not these statements have meaning.

Claim: ‘‘Flying pink monkeys exist. ’’ We can never prove it wrong. Because we can’t search the whole universe for flying pink monkeys. There will always remain the possibility that one exists somewhere. So, that is not a valid scientific hypothesis. On the other hand, one asserts ‘‘'flying pink monkeys do not exist’’, that is a valid scientific hypothesis. Because if we ever do find one, we immediately prove it wrong. So, It is falsifiable. (!!) Science must always assume nonexistence of something until it is actually found. https: //www. quora. com/Why-must-a-theory-or-hypothesis-be-falsifiable-to-be-true

►Some claims are falsifiable but not verifiable. For example, the claim ‘‘all swans are white’’ can not be verified, because no matter how many swans one examines and finds to be white there is always the possibility that the next one will not be white. But this claim is falsifiable. Because it is contradicted by this basic statement*: "In 1697, during the Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh expedition, there were black swans on the shore of the Swan River in Australia“. *Here, a basic statement must make reference to a specific thing or specific location and time. http: //www. encyclopedia 69. com/eng/d/verifiability-and-falsifiability/verifiabilityand-falsifiability. htm https: //www. wikizero. pro/index. php? q=a. HR 0 c. HM 6 Ly 9 lbi 53 a. Wtpc. GVka. WEub 3 Jn. L 3 dpa 2 kv. Vm. Vya. WZp. YWJpb. Gl 0 e. V 8 oc 2 Np. ZW 5 j. ZSk

Namely, "All swans are white" can be falsified by the discovery of a non-white swan. So, it is a falsifiable statement and then it is valid scientific hypothesis. And also to prove that the statement is true would be very difficult. https: //www. wikizero. pro/index. php? q=a. HR 0 c. HM 6 Ly 9 lbi 53 a. Wtpc. GVka. WEub 3 Jn. L 3 dpa 2 kv. Vm. Vya. WZp. YWJpb. Gl 0 e. V 8 oc 2 Np. ZW 5 j. ZSk

The falsiability concept was introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper. He considered falsifiability as the logical part and the cornerstone of his scientific *epistemology, then he concluded that a hypothesis or theory is ‘‘scientific’’ only if it is falsiable. Therefore, he sees falsiability as a neccessary (but not sufficient) criterian for scientific ideas. Karl Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) *branch of philosophy concerned with theory of knowledge https: //www. ukessays. com/essays/philosophy/the-karl-popper-concept-of-falsiabilityphilosophy-essay. php https: //www. wikizero. pro/index. php? q=a. HR 0 c. HM 6 Ly 9 lbi 53 a. Wtpc. GVka. WEub 3 Jn. L 3 cva. W 5 k. ZXguc. Ghw

As a summary, • The principle of falsiability, which was proposed by Karl Popper, is used to distinguish between science and *pseudoscience (sözde bilim) , and belief and knowledge. • Falsification principle is a criterion not of meaning but of scientific status. *having no scientific basis(sözde bilim)

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