YUAN DYNASTY Karl T Baliton Dexcem U Pantinople

YUAN DYNASTY • Karl T. Baliton • Dexcem U. Pantinople • Jan Gabrielle M. Reyes • Jann Danielle C. Gonzalez

YUAN DYNASTY • lasted from 1279 -1368 A. D • total area of the country was over 4. 6 • Yuandadu • first of only two times that the entire area of China was ruled by foreigners (Mongols) • Economy was mainly based on agriculture • Genghis Khan led the Mongols in their defeat of much of China million square miles (currently Beijing) as the capital – his grandson, Kublai Khan who became the emperor and founder of the Yuan dynasty

Emperors of the Yuan Dynasty ORDER NAME NOTES PERIOD OF REIGN 1 Taizu (Borjigin Temujin) Also known as Genghis Khan the great military leader; Temujin founded the great Mongolian Empire, with his territory stretching across the entire Eurasian Continent. 1206 1227 2 Ruizong (Borjigin Tolui) The fourth son of Temujin, he governed the empire for two years after Temujin died 1227 1229 3 Taizong (Borjigin Ögedei) The third son of Temujin; during his reign, he formed an alliance with the Southern Song to fight against Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234). 1229 1241 4 Empress Zhaoci (Töregene Khâtûn) After the death of Taizong, a grandson of Temujin was due to succeed the throne, but the empress Zhaoci usurped the throne. 1241 1246 5 Dingzong (Borjigin Güyük) The eldest son of Taizong 1246 1248

6 Empress Qinshu (Oghul Ghaymish) Empress of Dingzong; she ruled for three years after the death of Dingzong. 1248 - 1251 7 Xianzong (Borjigin Möngke) During his reign, the Yuan army began to fight against the Southern Song (1127 - 1279). In 1259, he died while on march. 1251 - 1259 Emperors of the Yuan Dynasty 8 Yuan Shizu (Borjigin Kublai) Grandson of Genghis Khan, and founder of the Yuan Dynasty. He moved the capital of the Yuan Dynasty to Beijing and settled there. In 1279, he defeated the Southern Song Dynasty (960 - 1279). 1260 - 1294 9 Yuan Chengzong (Borjigin Temür) Grandson of Kublai Khan; a conventional emperor 1295 - 1307 10 Yuan Wuzong (Borjigin Qayshan) Nephew of Chengzong 1308 - 1311 11 Yuan Renzong (Borjigin Ayurparibhadra ) Younger brother of Wuzong; he ascended the throne after Wuzong died 1312 - 1320 12 Yuan Yingzong (Borjigin Suddhipala) Son of Renzong; he was killed by political enemies in a coup. 1321 - 1323 13 Taiding Di (Borjigin Yesün -Temür) Grandson of Kublai Khan; an unremarkable emperor 1324 - 1328

14 Tianshun Di (Borjigin Arigaba) The youngest son of Taiding Di; he was placed on the throne following a coup, but ruled for only a month. 1328 15 Yuan Wenzong (Borjigin Toq. Temür) The second son of Wuzong; he died of illness in 1332. 1328 - 1332 16 Yuan Mingzong (Borjigin Qoshila) The eldest son of Wuzhong; He was poisoned by Wenzong and reigned for only eight months. 1329 17 Yuan Ningzong (Borjigin Irinchibal) The second son of Mingzong; after ruling for less than two months, he died of illness. 1332 18 Yuan Huizong (Borjigin Toghan. Temür) The eldest son of Mingzong; during his reign, the Hongjinjun Uprising broke out and subsequently the capital was captured by Zhu Yuanzhang. 1333 - 1368

Extent of the Mongol Empire

Mongols were culturally very different from the Chinese • made ruling them very difficult – – spoke different languages had a different form of dress different customs government of the Yuan Dynasty had virtually no Chinese Mongols and other foreigners were given all government positions

Cultural gap resulted in Lighter Government punishments were much less severe. Chinese nobility were better educated than the Mongol invaders the best scholars refused to teach in government schools. They founded private academies Mongols did not succeed in censoring Chinese literature and drama or in providing intellectual or cultural leadership.

Development of the Yuan Dynasty Qublai continued to invade other states enlarged his territory to include the Gaoli Dynasty, Burma, Taicheng and An’nan(northern Vietnam). The Yuan Dynasty also made progress in politics, economy, culture and science. ---

Territory The Yuan Dynasty’s territory covered a total area of over 12 million square kilometers (120 million hectares) - stretching as far north as Mongolia and Siberia while transversing to the South Sea. To the west, it included Tibet and Yunnan while it encompassed eastern Xinjiang in northwest and boarded Khingan Mountains and Okhotsk Sea in the northeast.

Politics Kublai Khan • practiced Han Policy and adopted the ruling system of central China to rule his people • he resumed the system of ‘Imperial exam’ (a kind of examination system in ancient times, through which officials were examined and selected. ), although the quota was limited • respected Confucius and made Cheng-zhu School of Confucianism as the official thought of the Yuan Dynasty • Han Policy wasn’t implemented thoroughly Under this system, the Hans inherited and inferior social status, precipitating a small revolt with minority groups in the south that subsequently failed. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty divided the people into four grades: the Mongolians the Semu (people in the western Xia Dynasty and Western Regions) the Han (people originally ruled by the Jin Dynasty) the Nan (people originally ruled by the Southern Song Dynasty).

Economy With the rule of the Qubilai, the Yuan Originally, the productivity of the Dynasty adopted agricultural production Mongolians was very poor because of and animal husbandry which increased their long-term nomadic life productivity significantly. • In addition, the Yuan territory extended into West Asia, which The development of the economy also increased communication between advanced handicrafts and other China and Europe. commercial industries. . With the popularity of water transport and paper money, commercial industry became very prosperous creating a Yuan Dynasty that became one of the richest countries in the world.

Culture and Science made great achievements in culture and science, particularly in astronomy. Drama and novels were also produced in great number, and a group of dramatists came forth with Guan Hanqing as the representative. Yuan Qu (Lyric Song), ang Poem and Song Poetry all became part of China’s cultural heritage.

Fall of Yuan Dynasty Later, rulers began continuously collecting all kinds of taxes from the people, resulting in untold suffering. Subsequently peasant uprising spread throughout China, among which Zhu Yuanzhang was the strongest. From the year 1356 -1357, Zhu Yuanzhang gradually obtained half of the Yuan Dynasty’s territory in the south of the Yangtze River. From the year 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang began to go on northern expeditions with the help of Generals Xu Da and Chang Yuchun, and captured Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368. In the same year, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (currently Nanjing) establishing the Ming Dynasty and a new era.

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KUBLAI KHAN • 1271, he formally established the Yuan Dynasty by changing the state title into Yuan, with Yuandadu (currently Beijing) as the capital • led his army, capturing the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127 - 1279) – thus he unified the entire China «