youth culture and mission What is culture How

Features of Definition of Culture 1. Human activity or product 2. About ‘ways of

321 RIQ 3 recalls 2 insights 1 questions

Socialisation “is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills and character traits

“within any culture or subculture, settings of a given kind – such as homes,

Bioecological Systems Theory Urie Bronfenbrenner

Who we are, and the actions that we may take, is largely influenced by

human development occurs through “progressively more complex reciprocal interactions between an active evolving biopsychological

“if we want to change behaviour we have to change environments” (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, p.

Bronfenbrenner defines proximal processes which are interactions between individuals and their environment. These occur

1. Microsystem Includes the immediate surroundings of an individual (family, school, peer group, neighbourhood),

2. Mesosystem Composed of connections between one’s immediate environments; i. e. – between the

3. Exosystem Made up of external environmental settings that only indirectly affect development but

4. Macrosystem Comprised of the larger cultural context; the values, customs, laws, beliefs, traditions

5. Chronosystem change over time; the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the

Methods of Socialisation • Affective – Attachment • Operant – Reinforcement, Punishment, Feedback, Learning

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youth, culture and mission

What is culture? How is culture formed?

culture

Features of Definition of Culture 1. Human activity or product 2. About ‘ways of living’ or ‘patterns of behaviour’ 3. Shared or group activity 4. Transmitted through people, socialisation 5. Context is critical 6. Constantly changing

321 RIQ 3 recalls 2 insights 1 questions

cultural Formation

Socialisation Context

Socialisation “is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills and character traits that enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society” Berns 2013

“within any culture or subculture, settings of a given kind – such as homes, streets or offices – tend to be very much alike, whereas between cultures they are distinctly different’ (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, p. 4)

Bioecological Systems Theory Urie Bronfenbrenner

Who we are, and the actions that we may take, is largely influenced by our external environment

human development occurs through “progressively more complex reciprocal interactions between an active evolving biopsychological human organism and the persons, objects and symbols in its immediate external environment” (Bronfenbrenner, 2004, p. 150)

“if we want to change behaviour we have to change environments” (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, p. x).

process person context time

Bronfenbrenner defines proximal processes which are interactions between individuals and their environment. These occur over time and are the “primary mechanism producing human development” (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006, p. 795) The power of such processes to influence development is presumed, and shown, to vary substantially as a function of the characteristics of the developing person, of the immediate and more remote environmental contexts, and the time periods, in which the proximal processes take place (Bronfenbrenner, 1995, p. 795).

1. Microsystem Includes the immediate surroundings of an individual (family, school, peer group, neighbourhood), and also one’s personal biological make-up

Microsystems

2. Mesosystem Composed of connections between one’s immediate environments; i. e. – between the home and school

Mesosystems

3. Exosystem Made up of external environmental settings that only indirectly affect development but of which, the individual is not part; i. e. one’s parents’ workplace

4. Macrosystem Comprised of the larger cultural context; the values, customs, laws, beliefs, traditions of the surrounding culture; i. e. – national economy, Eastern/Western culture, political culture, sub-culture

Macrosystems

5. Chronosystem change over time; the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the course of a life

Socialisation

Methods of Socialisation • Affective – Attachment • Operant – Reinforcement, Punishment, Feedback, Learning by Doing • Observational – Modelling • Cognitive – Instruction, Setting standards, Reasoning • Sociocultural – Group pressure, tradition, rituals and routines, symbols • Apprenticeship