Year 12 Prospective Students BTEC Sport PreCourse Work

Year 12 Prospective Students – BTEC Sport Pre-Course Work

Skeletal System…what do you know?

The Vertebral Column Hands Feet

FUNCTIONS of the Skeletal System • What do you already know about the primary functions of the Skeletal System? • You may recall some from GCSE, but there a few you may not recall! • At post-16 there are 8 functions of the Skeletal System. Find out what they are and how they differ from basic GCSE functions.

Joints of the Upper Skeleton Can you identify the top two sections of the Vertebral Column, as well as the joints and joint type shown on the Skeleton?

Joints of the Lower Skeleton Can you identify the three lower sections of the Vertebral Column, as well as the joints and joint type shown on the Skeleton?

Muscle Info… what do you think / know? For each muscle type: • Where may you find it? • What might its’ function be? • Is it under your control or not? • Any other functional / structional characteristics? Add as many details as you can to each one as you can!

The muscles – which ones do you need to know? How many do you know / can you find out?

Antagonistic Pairs - Some Examples… https: //www. bbc. co. uk/bitesize/guides/zct 2 hv 4/revision/2

Antagonistic Pairs - Some Examples… Joint Elbow Knee Shoulder Antagonistic Pair Sporting Example x 2

TASK • Choose one of the sporting images shown on the next three slides. • Conduct a movement analysis on two different joints shown in the image. For each one, include: - joint name - joint type - muscles involved - skeletal movement.

Movement Analysis - Netball Shot Try to include: joint name joint type muscles involved skeletal movement.

Movement Analysis – Football Kick Try to include: joint name joint type muscles involved skeletal movement.

Movement Analysis – Basketball Dribble Try to include: joint name joint type muscles involved skeletal movement.

Muscle Contraction Type Concentric Eccentric Isometric Description Sporting Examples

Respiratory System order, to show in s re u ct ru st g Put the followin te heric air to the si sp o tm a f o te u the ro takes place. e g n a ch x e s u o where gase apillaries 1. Pulmonary C 2. Alveoli 3. Bronchus avity) 4. Nose (Nasal C 5. Larynx 6. Bronchioles 7. Epiglottis 8. Lungs 9. Pharynx 10. Trachea Try to spend no more than 2 minutes on this!

Respiratory System – Structure – add the part that you did in the start task to the diagram below. This whole chamber contained by the ribs is known as the

Complete the table on the next slide by placing the descriptions below next to the correct component of the Respiratory System. This is the space behind the nose. Both nostrils run into this space. Air passes through here during inhalation / exhalation. A flexible flap of cartilage. It protects the body from choking and allows air to enter lungs / food to go into the gastrointestinal tract. The connection between the nasal / oral cavities and the larynx. Commonly referred to as the “throat”. Connects the pharynx to the trachea. It allows air to pass through and prevents food from causing blockages. Houses the vocal chords. ’Windpipe’ which connects the larynx to the bronchi. It provides air flow to and from the lungs. Has rings of cartilage within it. The left and right bronchi are the main passageways into the lungs from the trachea. Smaller divisions of the Bronchi are known as Bronchioles. Each lung has around 30, 000 bronchioles. Tiny sacs within the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place. The alveoli are covered in capillaries These surround the alveoli and allow gaseous exchange to take place. They have a very thin wall which allows gases to pass through.

Component of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Epiglottis Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli Diaphragm Description / Function

Find out what you can about the Respiratory Volumes shown below. You may recognise some, others you may not. Try to find all details required in the table. Lung Volume Tidal Volume (TV) Vital Capacity Balloon Test! Pulmonary Ventilation (VE) Residual Volume Total Lung Volume Definition Resting Value Change due to Exercise

Cardiovascular System – Structure of the Heart The Heart - Dual Action Pump

Research the different types of blood vessels and what they do. Blood Vessel Arteries Veins Capillaries Arterioles Venuoles Image Features / Description of Function

Extract Key Information The following slides will cover some key Cardiovascular System content – but there will be WAY TOO MUCH INFORMATION! - Your job is to extract the key information and put into note form. - This will be a key skill on the course, the ability to synthesize information and extract what is important.

1. Delivery of Oxygen and Nutrients Supplying oxygen to the body is the most essential function of the cardiovascular system. Although all cells require oxygen, brain cells are the most sensitive and begin to die in as little as 3 minutes if deprived of oxygen. During inhalation, air enters the lungs and oxygen is absorbed through the air sacs into the bloodstream. This oxygen-rich blood is pumped through the heart into the arterial circulation. In the capillaries, oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into the cells of the body's organs and tissues. At the same time, carbon dioxide -- a waste product produced by cells -- is absorbed into the blood and transported to the lungs through the venous circulation. When this oxygen-poor blood reaches the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses through the air sacs and is then exhaled. This cycle occurs with every breath. Delivering nutrients to the body is another critical function of the cardiovascular system. After food is digested in the stomach and intestines, its component nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. These nutrients include sugars, fats, vitamins, minerals and protein building blocks called amino acids. Each of these nutrients is vital to healthy body function. For example, the sugar glucose is the body's primary fuel to generate energy, and amino acids enable the body to manufacture new cells. Like oxygen, nutrients diffuse from the bloodstream into body cells via the capillaries.

2. Removal of waste products… Carbon Dioxide and Lactate . Carbon dioxide, a waste product produced by cells is absorbed into the blood and transported to the lungs through the venous circulation. When this oxygen-poor blood reaches the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses through the air sacs and is then exhaled. This cycle occurs with every breath. Muscles become fatigued (tired) during long periods of vigorous activity. This means that they stop contracting efficiently. One cause of this is the build-up of lactic acid in the muscles from anaerobic respiration. The lactic acid is removed from the muscles by blood flowing through them.

3. Thermoregulation, through Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation of blood vessels. When the hypothalamus senses that the body temperature is too high, it sends impulses which cause blood vessels supplying the capillaries in the skin to dilate. This is called vasodilation. The increased blood flow to the surface tissues under the skin means that more heat is lost. When the hypothalamus senses that the body temperature is too low, it sends impulses which cause blood vessels supplying the capillaries in the skin to contract. This is called vasoconstriction and it reduces the blood flow to the surface tissues under the skin. As a result, less heat is lost.

4. Fight Infection The circulatory system serves as the highway for disease-fighting cells and proteins, and messengers of the immune system. Immune system cells called white blood cells patrol the body in search of invading germs. If an infection occurs, these cells send chemical alarm signals that travel through the bloodstream, which subsequently transports infection-fighting cells to the site of the infection. The circulatory system also carries chemical messengers that attract cells to heal tissues that have been damaged due to injury or disease.

5. Enable blood to clot . Blood clotting, or coagulation, is an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins in your plasma (the liquid part of blood) work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the injury. Typically, your body will naturally dissolve the blood clot after the injury has healed. Clots can occur in veins or arteries, which are vessels that are part of the body's circulatory system. While both types of vessels help transport blood throughout the body, they each function differently. Veins are low-pressure vessels that carry deoxygenated blood away from the body's organs and back to the heart. An abnormal clot that forms in a vein may restrict the return of blood to the heart and can result in pain and swelling as the blood gathers behind the clot. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a type of clot that forms in a major vein of the leg or, less commonly, in the arms, pelvis, or other large veins in the body.

ATP-PC System Lactate Energy System Aerobic Energy System Initial Research: Research and make some notes on each of the energy systems shown below. What are they? How is energy produced? Can you summarise each one briefly?