Year 10 revision How to nail the exam

Year 10 revision How to nail the exam

TIPS �STUDY. YOU CANNOT DO WELL WITHOUT IT �MAKE STUDY NOTES BY READING, HIGHLIGHTING AND SUMMARISING YOUR CLASS NOTES �USE THE POWERPOINTS. THEY ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN A TEXTBOOK. �REMEMBER ONE GOOD QUOTE FOR EACH TOPIC

Outline the key events in Australia’s response to Communism �MALAYAN INSURGENCY 1949 TO SUPPORT BRITAIN �UN LED FORCE TO KOREA IN 1950 �SIGNING OF ANZUS 1951 �SIGNING OF SEATO 1954 �COMMITMENT TO VIETNAM 1965 �AUSTRALIAS RESPONSE WAS UNDERPINNED BY THE IDEOLOGY OF FORWARD DEFENCE

TOPIC 1 AUSTRALIA AND THE VIETNAM WAR �explain the purpose of the treaties Australia contracted during this period �outline the key developments in Australia’s response to communism within Australia �explain the reasons for Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War? �explain the reasons why different groups within Australia supported or opposed Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War? �assess the impact of the war on Vietnam Refugees

PURPOSE OF TREATIES �The principle purpose was to bind ourselves to more powerful allies for purposes of defence within the Asia Pacific Area �ANZUS April 29 1952 �Treaty bound signatories to “recognize that an armed attack in the Pacific would endanger safety of others. It committed them to consult…to meet common danger. ”? ? �SEATO 1954 �Formed after the withdrawal of the French from South East Asia. Its principal was to sanction American presence in Pacific- disbanded in 1977 �Goals of economic, social and cultural cooperation between members. Military forces of joint nations held annual manoeuvres.

Outline the key developments in Australia’s response to communism within Australia � 1949 MENZIES WINS THE ELECTION ON THE PLATFORM OF “ KICKING THE COMMUNIST CAN” � 1951 COMMUNIST PARTY DISSOLUTION BILL INTRODUCED � 1951 HIGH COURT DECLARES IT UNCONSTITUTIONAL � 1951 REFERENDUM TO THE BAN THE COMMUNIST PARTY NARROWLY FAILS � 1954 PETROV SPY SCANDAl, MENZIES REELECTED, SPLIT IN LABOR PARTY FORMATION OF DLP �ROYAL COMMISION INTO SPYING � 1955 FINAL REPORT VALIDATES PETROV CLAIM OF SPYING “ WITNESSES OF TRUTH

EXPLAIN THE REASONS FOR AUSTRALIA’S INVOLVEMENT IN VIETNAM WAR COLD WAR CONTEXT SHORT TERM CAUSES AUSTRALIAN ISOLATION WITHIN ASIA PACIFIC SUPPORT FOR STH VIETNAM DEMOCRACY INVOLVEMENT REGIONAL INSTABILITY ANZUS AND SEATO ALLIANCE COIMMITMENTS COMMITMENT TO FORWARD CEFENCE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL THREAT OF COMMUNISM LONG TERM CAUSES

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES? ? ? ? �“The takeover of South Vietnam would be a direct military threat to Australia and all the countries of South and South East Asia. It must be seen as part of a thrust by Communist China between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. ” ROBERT MENZIES �“Australia's defence and foreign policy during the post war period cannot be fully understood without reference to Indonesia. " Greg Pembarton�‘The Australian desire to see the United States actively engaged in the security of South East Asia was. . understandable. ” GARETH EVANS �

IMPACT ON VIETNAM VETS INJURY ONGOING REJECTION BY GOVERNMENT RE COMPENSATION LONG TERM LIFE THREATENING ILLNESSES CANCERS DEATH IMPAC T POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DEISORDER REHABILITATION REJECTION BY AUSTRALIA MARRIAGE BREAKDOWN IMMEDIATE

Topic 2 ABORIGINES AND WOMEN �account for continuity and/or change over time in changing Aboriginal Policy �examine the varying experiences of Stolen Generation using a range of sources �Examine the changing rights and freedoms of Women �Assess the significance of the 67 Referendum and Land Rights in changing rights and freedoms of Aborigines.

EXPLAIN CHANGING ABORIGINAL POLICIES PROTECTIONISM 1900 -1940’S Aboriginal people were removed from their traditional lands and placed on reserves (government -run) or missions (church-run). The government argument was that this was done ‘for their own protection’, as they were a ‘dying race’. ASSIMILATION 1940’s-1962 Although Protection Boards were replaced by Welfare Boards in most states between 1938 -1951, with the idea of Aboriginals being able to retain some of their culture, officially the policy was not legislated till 1951 INTEGRATION 1962 -1972 The words defining ‘assimilation’ were changed in 1965 which seemed to allow Aborigines to retain some of their cultural ideas, beliefs and customs, and implied a greater acceptance of their culture and relationship with the land. The granting of the vote in 1962 to all Aborigines embraced this idea This change was soon called ‘integration SELF DETERMINATIO N 1972 -2009 Aborigines were to have full control over all aspects of their lives INTERVENTION? ? ? Northern Territory 2007 -? ? ? On 21 June 2007, the Australian Government announced a ‘national emergency response to protect Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory’ from sexual abuse and family violence

Explain the varying experiences of the stolen generation Forcible removal of aboriginal children on the basis of colour ADOPTED BY WHITE FAMILY CHURCH RUN MISSIONS STATE RUN TRAINING HOMES COOTAMUNDRA KINCHELA

VARYING � According to the Bringing Them Home Report, at least 100, 000 children were removed from their parents, and the figure may be substantially higher (the report notes that formal records of removals were very poorly kept). � It noted that some removals were certainly voluntary. Mothers may have surrendered their children for any number of reasons (due to sickness, poverty, living arrangements, racism, etc). There was also evidence that some Aboriginal parents voluntarily sent their children to religious missions, in the hope that at least in this way they would be able to retain contact with their children and some knowledge of their whereabouts � Conversely, evidence indicated that in a large number of cases children were brutally and forcibly removed from their parent or parents, possibly even from the hospital shortly after their birth. Aboriginal Protection Officers often made the judgment on removal

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES? � John Herron tabled a report in the Australian Parliament that questioned whether or not there ever actually had been a "Stolen Generation", on the semantic distinction that as "only 10% of Aboriginal children" has been removed, they did not constitute an entire "generation" �. Supporting this is the conservative views of Keith Windshuttle who argues that numbers are grossly exaggerated and do not constitute a generation. � Opposing this view we have the writings of Henry Reynolds “ Why weren’t We Told” who outlines the intentional gaps in our nations history. Robert Manne suggests that the forcible removal was tantamount to cultural genocide and quotes the Human Rights definition of genocide � Debate appear to be empirical and semantic but the core acceptance is that there was forcible removal of half caste children under the policy of Assimilation.

IMPACT OF REMOVAL LOSS OF FAMILY LOSS OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE SOCIAL DISFUNCTION LONG TERM IMMEDIATE PARENTING SKILLS LOSS OF LAND SELF ESTEEM

SIGNIFICANCE OF 67 REFERENDUM � 51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to: �(xxvi) The people of any race, other than the aboriginal people in any State, for whom it is necessary to make special laws. � 127. In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives should not be counted �There were two parts to the referendum: to change the constitution so that Aboriginal people could be counted as part of the population, and to change the constitution to allow the Commonwealth to make laws to help improve conditions for Aboriginal people, no matter where they lived in Australia

TH 40 ANNIVERSARY �“Peoples high hopes were not fulfilled. The Commonwealth Government set up a small office of Aboriginal Affairs and allocated $6 for each Aboriginal man woman and child for health services. Nothing else was achieved in the short term. The inclusion in the census had symbolic and practical importance. In practical terms census data provides information necessary for the provision of future services…. . It was almost 10 years before the power given to the Commonwealth Government by the 1967 referendum was actually used to make laws for the benefit of the Aboriginal people and almost 30 years before Commonwealth Native Title Legislation was enacted. ” � Kate Cameron The 1967 referendum 40 th anniversary

OUTLINE LAND RIGHTS 1963 1976 • YIRKALA • BARK PETITION • Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1985 1966 Wave Hill Strike for better wages and conditions • Handing back of Uluru 1989 1972 • Hearing in supreme court of Queensland • MABO Tent embassy 1992 1972 HIGH COURT REJECTS TERRA NULLIUS • Woodward royal commission 1995 MABO ACT 1975 1998 • WHITLAM HANDS BACK GURRINDJI LAND WIK DECISION

TOPIC 3 AUSTRALIA AS A GLOBAL CITIZEN � �outline key developments in Australia’s role within the UN in the post-war period �assess an achievement of Australia in its role within the UN �explain the purpose of Australia’s regional agreements

OUTLINE AUSTRALIAS ROLE AS GLOBAL CITIZEN � In 1945 Australia joined the United Nations as one of the founding nations and since then has adopted many of the UN conventions ranging from anti-discrimination and women’s rights to control of trade in endangered species (CITES) and the protection of the natural environment. � In 1947 Australia sent observers with the UN Commission supervising Indonesia’s move to independence from Holland. � In 1948 Dr H V Evatt was elected President of the General He also chaired the United Nations Special Commission on Palestine in 1947 and was involved in the drafting of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. � In 1950 Australia sent troops to assist the United Nations in Korea. � In 1956 Australia sent troops to assist the United Nations with the Suez Crisis. � In 1991 Australia sent troops to assist the United Nations with the Gulf War. � In 1999 INTERFET was sent to East Timor to assist the United Nations in the transition of East Timor to independence.

Explain purpose of Australia’s Regional Agreements � � � � � � ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, the United States) Established 1951 Implied mutual defence if one country should be attacked but not really binding Main purpose was to strengthen Australia’s alliance with the United States No longer exists since New Zealand refused to allow US ships to enter its harbours in 1986 as they were suspected of being nuclear-powered and carrying nuclear weapons SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organisation) Established 1954 An anti-communist arrangement of countries united for mutual support against the spread of communism A formal expression of Australia’s four-step foreign policy of the period Economic Colombo Plan Established 1950 To assist economic and social development of less-developed countries in South East Asia Origins in a meeting of the British Commonwealth countries’ foreign ministers in Colombo Its purpose was that, by assisting these countries, they would be less likely to fall to communism The Plan, which has been revised several times over the past 50 plus years, helps in areas as diverse as drug control and business administration APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) Established 1983 Its 21 ‘member economies’ make up more than a third of the world’s population and conduct almost half the world’s trade Australia conducts more than 75% of its exports through APEC countries Its purpose was ‘to promote economic development, trade and investment among its member nations’ Recently APEC’s role is changing to include issues such as terrorism, SARS and the bird flu (avian influenza)

ASSESS AN ACHIEVEMENT OF AUSTRALIA WITHIN THE UN STOP VIOLENCE RESTORE PEACE SUPERVISE ASSIST IN REBUILDING PROCESS DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS INTERFET PROVIDE HUMANITARIAN AID ASSIST TRANSITION TO INDEPENDENCE FROM INDONESIA

A GOOD QUOTE �“The success of this deployment in pacifying the territory led to the departure of Indonesian forces from East Timor and the formal revoking of Indonesia's sovereign claim to the territory. It also signaled a break with past Australian diplomatic orthodoxy towards Indonesia and the declining influence of the Jakarta lobby on Australian public policy” �Scot Burchill

"We should not fulfil our citizenship of the world by sending just arms to fight, but rather sending aid to foster growth and development, and extend the hand of friendship. We should be a more proactive supporter of debt relief and coupling aid funds with social, economic and institutional reforms. We should also be looking at the underlying causes of poverty. “ KEVIN RUDD PEACEKEEPIN G ECONOMIC AID AUSTRALIAS ACHIEVEMENT AS GLOBAL CITIZEN SUPPORT FOR UN CONVENTION S EG RIGHTS OF CHILD SUPPORT AND PARTICIPATION IN UN ORGANIZATIONS EG UNESCO

TOPIC 5 PRIME MINISTERS � �outline and explain a major policy or issue of the term of office of the chosen Prime Minister �assess the contribution of the chosen Prime Minister to Australia’s post-war development

OUTLINE ONE POLICY OR ISSUE FOREIGN POLICY WELFARE EDUCATION WHITLAM WOMEN’S ISSUES FAMILY LAW HEALTH LAND RIGHTS

ASSESSMENT When Whitlam became Prime Minister in 1972 he abolished conscription, withdrew the remaining Australian troops from Vietnam, banned sporting teams from South Africa, changed Australia's voting on South African questions in the UN, organised independence for PNG, abolished tertiary fees and the death penalty, introduced welfare payments for single parent families and reduced the voting age to eighteen years. The irony of his life is that it was his dismissal that is the lasting memory ‘ a large man of magisterial self regard. ” Stuart Mc. Intyre “The Whitlam Government confronted the backlog of 23 years of structural and social stagnation, at the very time at which the period of almost uninterrupted postwar growth of the Western economies came to an abrupt end, following the oil crisis of 1973. ” Neville Wran Leader Led the Labor Party to victory after 23 years of Liberal Government Reformer Assisted the passage of 472 pieces of legislation PROTAGONIST IN DISMISSAL Forged stronger relations with Asia

TOPIC 4 PEOPLE POWER AND POLITICS �examine the role of the significant individual in the chosen study �assess the significance of the chosen study for Australia in the post-war period

THE DISMISSAL “ In the immediate aftermath of the dismissal Australians were probably more divided than at any other time in the 20 th century. ” Geoffrey Blainey USE OF RESERVE POWERS TO DISMISS AN ELECTED OFFICIAL DEBATE OVER ROLE OF GOVERNOR GENERAL LAWS ON SENATE VACANCIES SIGNIFICANCE OF JOHN KERR CONSTITUTION OR CONVENTION CALL FOR A REPUBLIC

LEGACY �The Prices Justification Act. �The Pipeline Authority Act 1973 �The Health Insurance Act 1973 �The Trade Practices Act 1974 �The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975 �The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 �The Family Law Act 1975 �The Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 �The Australian Heritage Commission Act 1975

TOPIC 6 POST WAR TECHNOLOGY �outline the impact of the main technological changes over time on everyday life in post-war Australia, � housing �home appliances �entertainment �transport �communications

OUTLINE IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY: COMMUNICATIONS Accessible information to boost tourism and entertainment I Phones, Facebook, Twitter enable instant communication but contribute to compost culture Media saturation of British and American popular culture Influence of advertising and popular culture on mass consumerism OVERTHROWING THE TYRANNY OF DISTANCE Breaking down the sense of geographical isolation And cultural uniqueness Communication through internet and phone contributes to spread of global ideas in business as well personal relationships “ phone home” Communication revolution breaks down urban rural divide Establishment of home office changes employment profiles

GOOD QUOTES �“ While distance and remoteness were defining features of Australia in years gone by, today technology has annihilated distance” Malcolm Turnbull �"the next century will be one in which the tyranny of distance has been abolished. . . Australia will profit from its strategic location, as a highly educated, Englishspeaking society that because of technological change is now as integrated in the world economy as any place on earth". Rupert Murdoch

TOPIC 7 DECADE STUDY �describe the main social and cultural features of the chosen decade �outline the main influences of Britain or the USA on Australian popular culture of the chosen decade �assess the impact of the chosen decade in shaping Australian identity