Xray polarimetry in astrophysics Paolo Soffitta IAPSINAF COST

X-ray polarimetry in astrophysics Paolo Soffitta IAPS-INAF COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

Why X-ray Astrophysical Polarimetry ? Polarization from celestial sources in X-rays may derive from: • Emission processes themselves : cyclotron, synchrotron, non-thermal bremmstrahlung (Westfold, 1959; Gnedin & Sunyaev, 1974; Rees, 1975) • Scattering on aspherical accreting plasmas : disks, blobs, columns. ( 1975 Sunyaev & Titarchuk, 1985; Mészáros, P. et al. 1988, Sazonov 2002). • Vacuum polarization and birefringence through extreme magnetic fields (Gnedin et al. , 1978; Ventura, 1979; Mészáros & Ventura, 1979) COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012 Rees,

Polarization from non thermal Bremmstrahlung. When a beam of electrons is deflected by the nuclei of the target medium the produced radiation is polarized. The polarization dependent cross section for a given a photon momentum and electron emerging direction can be integrated over the direction of the emerging electrons. A non null net linear polarization is present at both ends of the photon energy spectrum except when the beam axis is on the same direction of the line of sight and in this case the polarization is null. 100 ke. V electrons Qo is the angle between the direction of the electron beam and the direction of the considered photon beam (radiation plane). The polarization is ‘negative’ if it is in the radiation plane 500 ke. V electrons COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : -9 May 2012 2. 5 Me. V electrons 7 Gluckstern & Hull, 1953

Beams of electrons producing non-thermal Bremmstrahlung are present in solar flares: Thermal Bremm. Non Thermal Bremm. Bai and Ramaty, 1978 Degree of Polarization of primary hard X-rays due to accelerated electrons with a power-law energy distribution moving toward the photosphere with velocity The morphology of a solar flare at hard X-rays is uniformly distributed in a cone with 30 o aperture. Positive values the complex with a top source and two foot-prints. polarization is parallel to the radiation plane (p 0 k). Negative values P is parallel to the normal plane. COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

Observational results Errors are 1 s; E. Suarez-Garcia et al. , 2006 Hard- X ray polarimetry from the mission RHESSI (100 -350 ke. V) shows inconclusive results. COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

Synchrotron radiation The polarization of the single electron does depends on the frequency The polarization of a power-law distributed electrons (N(E) ˜ E-p) does not depends on the frequency it is linear and it is perpendicular to the projection of the magnetic field onto sky. COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

• Pulsar wind nebulae. • Blazars. • GRB prompt and afterglow emission COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

Pulsar Wind Nebulae are bubbles of relativistic particles and magnetic field (10 -5 -10 -3 Gauss) created when the ultra-relativistic wind from a pulsar interacts with the ambient medium (Supernova Remnants or Interstellar Medium) in a termination shock (TS). Bucciantini et al. , 2009 The pulsar wind is slowed down and the toroidal magnetic field of the wind is compressed, the plasma is heated and particles are accelerated to high energies and produce synchrotron radiation. COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

A PWN was first observed in Crab SNR, and then detected in many others X-ray sources X -rays emitting particles have a short lifetime for synchrotron losses, and they are present only in the vicinity of the TS. Not imaging X-ray polarimetry from the Crab Nebula shows a polarization of 19 % (2. 6 ke. V, 5. 2 ke. V; Weisskopf et al. , 1975, 1978). Main components of PWNs are : • a main emission torus, corresponding to the equatorial plane of the pulsar rotation • multiple arcs or rings • a central knot, located in the vicinity of the pulsar, • one or two opposite jets along the polar axis. Relativistic MHD models are capable to reproduce the main features of the PWN including the jets (Del Zanna et al. , 2004). X-ray imaging polarization maps permit to deduce the magnetic field direction, model the acceleration of particle at TS and reveal the presence of an additional poloidal field considered responsible for the presence of jets. (Bucciantini et al. , 2005; Volpi et al. , 2009).

BLAZARS The class of AGN called Blazars (BL Lac and OVV) are characterized by a high degree of optical polarization and rapid variability. They are interpreted as AGN with a jet pointing close to the observer. Two models are proposed to explain the observed multi-wavelength spectrum : • Synchrotron-self Compton (SSC) Synchrotron • Inverse Compton of ambient radiation (EC) by jet (from disk or Cosmic Microwave Background ). The polarization of the scattered radiation is about 50 % of the initial synchrotron polarization. • Poutanen , 1993. - The polarization of EC is generally smaller than that expected by SSC and has been investigated by simulation (Mc. Namara et al. , 2009, 2010). • Fossati et al. , 1998 Synchrotron self-Compton or External Compton Characteristic of the polarization vector for SSC : The polarization vector is always parallel for the synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton component. The polarization is normal to the Jet axis (normal to B) for an uniform B. In case of a axis-symmetric magnetic field configuration it depends whether dominates the component parallel or perpendicular to the symmetry axis Celotti&Matt, 1993

Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) Gamma-ray bursts are the most energetic events in the Universe, with radiated energy up to 1054 erg. The collapse of a massive rotating star produces a hot fireball which is ejected at relativistic velocity in form of a jet. Internal shocks are responsible for the observed variability (prompt emission). When the fireball interacts with the ambient medium it is produced an afterglow. At first the jet is tightly collimated with an opening angle q. The relativistic aberration allows for seeing most of the energy in a narrow beam, more collimated than q. As the fireball slows-down the beaming spreads exceeding q at the jet-break time with an achromatic light-curve bending. SUZAKU WAM KONUS-WIND BAT GRB 050904 was one the most distant ever observed at z=6. 295 or 13 billion years ago. The peak energy was 314 ke. V the peak intensity was ~ 10 -7 erg/s/cm 2 GRB 090423 was observed at z = 8. 1 or 14. 4 billions years ago (4 % age of Universe). COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

Different models with different polarization signatures The outflow that produces the prompt event may contain magnetic fields and synchrotron emission could be responsible for the observed radiation. While on the afterglow is well modeled for the prompt event there are many theories that cannot be understood with only timing and spectral measures. Lyutikov, Pariev & Blanford, 2003; Waxman, 2003; Gruzinov & Waxman, 1999; Heinz & Begelman, 1999; Dado & Dar, 2009; Yamazachi et al. , 2006) • Toroidal magnetic field : The whole radiation does not produce a net polarization but due to light aberration the observer probes a small region with the magnetic field ordered in a specific direction. Therefore the polarization is high. • Random magnetic field : The polarization can still be high if the line of sight is 1/G with respect to the edge of the jet. • Magnetic field domain: If the magnetic field is patchy the polarization is the maximum obtainable from synchrotron process divided by the number of patches. • Fragmented fireball (each pulse in the light-curve is due to the emission of different blobs): The flux and polarization depends on the orientation of the individual blobs

Tentative to measure the Gamma-ray polarization of GRBs. COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

Afterglow polarimetry Afterglow radiation is known to be produced by synchrotron from relativistic electrons. The magnetic field is tangled and compressed in the plane perpendicular to the motion. Measurements of polarization as a function of time can reveal if the jet is homogeneous or structured. Homogeneous jet : the emissivity is constant within Homogeneous jet the jet opening angle. The polarization is initially vanishingly small. At times before the jet breaks a small polarization is expected becoming null at the jet break. Afterwords it reappears rotated by 90 degree with a maximum of 10 %. Structured jet: the emissivity drops off axis. Uniform jet If the fireball is structured the polarization is instead expected to have a constant angle. The degree of polarization reaches a maximum at the break time. The measure of the polarization of the X-ray afterglows is difficult because of the few % expected by optical measurements and because they are faint and the flux decrease with time. In optical light an early afterglow (161 s after the trigger) polarization of 10 ± 1 % has been COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : measured (Steele at al. , Nature, 2009). 7 -9 May 2012

Scattering polarizes radiation The radiation after the scattering is partially polarized perpendicularly to the plane of scattering. COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

Accretion physics: magnetic NS In X-ray pulsators the plasma from a companion accretes on the magnetic poles of a neutron star following the magnetic (B ~1012 gauss) field lines. Cyclotron lines of different orders are produced by the transition between the Landau levels. Scattering in such an accreting plasma is anisotropic since the cross section for polarization perpendicular to B is smaller than that for polarization parallel to B. Phase resolved X-ray polarimetry compared to phase resolved X-ray photometry may constraint the accretion geometry determining if the accretion is in form a ‘pencil’ or a ‘fan’ beam and direct measuring the angle between the dipole axis and the rotation axis. 1. 2. 3. 4. Energies (ke. V). 1. 6 ke. V 5. 29. 1 ke. V 3. 8 ke. V 6. 38. 4 ke. V 9. 0 ke. V 7. 51. 7 ke. V 18. 4 ke. V 8. 84. 7 ke. V COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 et May Meszaros al. 2012 (1988)

Cyclotron lines from X 0115+63 Shown is the energy spectrum by Beppo. SAX (Santangelo et al. , 1999) of X 0115+63 with four cyclotron harmonics. It is shown the Minimum Detectable Polarization (MDP) expected (above 10 ke. V) by a conventional photoelectric polarimeter at the focus of a multi-layer optics (200 ks of observation). COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

Scattering in accretion disk In case of a disk dominated by Thomson scattering with infinite optical depth, the classical result foresees that the polarization increases from 0 % (disk seen face-on) to 11. 7 % (disk seen edge-on) with the polarization vector parallel to the disk surface. This is the so called Chandrasekhar limit (Chandrasekhar, 1960). In case of small optical depth the hard X-rays obtained by Comptonization bring memory of the last scattering and they overcome by far this limit. Polarization of the total radiation (scattered plus un-scattered). Polarization of the hard radiation, which has undergone a number of scattering k>>to 2 , i. e. the Comptonized tail of the radiation spectrum.

Scattering in millisecond X-ray pulsars Millisecond X-ray pulsar are the link between Low Mass X-ray Binaries and millisecond radio pulsar with the pulsed emission originating on two antipodal spots. Scattering on the inner accretion disk may be important (as in Sazonov & Sunyaev) with polarized flux leading or trailing the primary pulse of direct emission or may not be important since it prevails thermal Comptonization at the accreting slab (Viironen & Poutanen) on the neutron star magnetic poles. In this case the direct emission is in phase with the polarized flux. Pulse and polarization profile can also help to determine the compactness of the neutron star due to gravity effects. Poutanen&Gierlinsky, 2003 Thermal Comptonizazion Black-body Sazonov&Sunyaev, 2001. Disk corotates Disk counter-rotates Compton reflection plus iron-line Total Primary spot Secondary spot Polarization is positive normally to the n k plane (meridional plane). Solid : radiation from both spot; dashed primary spot; dotted secondary spot Disk scattered radiation can lead or lag the direct main pulse, because of Doppler boosting. COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012 Viironen&Poutanen, 2004

X-ray polarimetry and strong gravity effects around black-holes. (Talks of G. Matt and M. Dovciak) Matter very close to the black hole experiences General and Special Relativity (due to the large velocities involved) called Strong Gravity. Galactic black holes In galactic black-hole the disk emits in X-ray. The thermal emission by scattering becomes polarized and the polarization signature of strong gravity is a continuous variation with energy of the polarization degree and angle. AGN In AGNs the disk emits in UV and the X-ray polarization signature of strong gravity is possible thanks to variability of the reflection component of the observed radiation. COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

QED effects on magnetars and X-ray polarization A magnetar is a type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field. The decay of magnetic fields powers the emission of high-energy electromagnetic radiation (Thomson and Duncan 1993). The polarization signatures of the emerging radiation with respect to energy strongly depends on the magnetic field. QED effects of vacuum polarization modify the behavior of polarization with energy. Low Field. Polarization angle changes 90 o with energy Van Adelsberg&Lai, 2006 Niemiec&Bulik, 2006 High Field. Polarization angle is constant with energy.

What can be observed with modern photoelectric polarimeters : MDP is the minimum detectable polarization at 99 % confidence level Focal plane polarimeter (With standard multi-layer optics) Effective area : 600 cm 2 2 -8 ke. V 100 cm 2 at 30 ke. V Experiment with collimators (no optics) 1 m. Crab (2 -10 ke. V) = 2. 4 10 -11 erg/s/cm 2 COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

What COST can do for X-ray polarimetry • The theoretical expectation are within the reach of X-ray polarimeters as dedicated instruments (see talk of Enrico Costa). • What is needed is that COST put an action on ESA for considering X-ray polarimetry in a future X-ray missions. COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012

End presentation COST Action 1 st WG meeting Warsaw : 7 -9 May 2012