XIXth XX th Century Isms Four figures give

XIXth. XX th Century “Isms”

Four figures give their views on reform; • a Whig, Charles Grey (1764 -1845) says ‘Reform is absolutely necessary to prevent Revolution’; • a Tory, the Duke of Wellington (1769 -1852) says ‘I do maintain that Reform means nothing else than Revolution’; • a Liberal, possibly John Lee (1802 -74) says ‘A Leetle Reform is wanting but fiddlededee about Revolution’; • a Radical, William Cobbett (1763 -1835) brandishing a gridiron says ‘I say if we don’t have a Real Radical Reform we’ll have a Revolution’; 1831

• Before we examine people’s misnomered misconceptions of politics, it is critical to understand the general difference between “Left” or “Left Wing” and “Right” or “Right Wing. ” • The terms “Left” and “Right” actually originate in the 18 th century French Legislature where those loyal to the King and to religion sat on the right while those opposed to the King and were in favor of revolution sat on the left.

Conservatism • unwillingness or slowness to accept change or new ideas • a right-of-center political philosophy based on a tendency to support gradual rather than abrupt change and to preserve the status quo • an ideology that views the existing form of society as worthy of preservation

Liberalism • a belief in tolerance and gradual reform in moral, religious, or political matters
a political ideology with its beginnings in western Europe that rejects authoritarian government and defends freedom of speech, association, and religion, and the right to own property. • an economic theory in favor of free competition and minimal government regulation

Romanticisme • a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18 th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Nationalism • patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. Synonyms: patriotism, patriotic sentiment, xenophobia, chauvinism, jingoïsme • "their extreme nationalism was frightening" • an extreme form of this, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries. plural noun: nationalisms
 • advocacy of political independence for a particular country.

FORGET WHAT YOU THINK YOU KNOW ABOUT Conservatism Liberalism Romanticism Socialism Nationalism Feminism

CONSERVATISM Social Class(es): Aristocracy / Landed Gentry Buzzwords Tradition Institutions Mixes Well With Privileges Doesn’t Play Well With Romanticism (Sometimes) Liberalism (vs. Socialism) Liberalism Socialism Nationalism Proponent(s) Edmund Burke, Metternich Document(s) C Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France L R N S F

LIBERALISM Social Class(es): Buzzwords Bourgeoisie (Professional Class) LIBERTY Laissez-faire Reform Constitution Choice Individualism Mixes Well With Natural Rights Equality PROGRESS Doesn’t Play Well With Nationalism (Self-Determination) Conservatism (vs. Socialism) Conservatism Romanticism SOCIALISM Proponent(s) Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill Document(s) Wealth of Nations, On Liberty C L R N S F

Conservatism vs. Liberalism Conservative Liberal INHERITED Rights NATURAL Rights A connection with the past God-given

Burke’s Liberal Conservatism Burke supported the American Revolution because it combined liberal values with a connection with the British tradition of government.

Revolutions Compared GLORIOUS Revolution FRENCH Revolution MODIFIED Existing Institutions DESTROYED Existing Institutions

Revolutions Compared GLORIOUS Revolution FRENCH Revolution MODIFIED Existing Institutions CREATED Brand New Institutions

ROMANTICISM Social Class(es): Buzzwords Artists, Authors, & Poets Nostalgia Enlightenment Beauty Nature Mixes Well With Doesn’t Play Well With Conservatism (Backward Looking) Nationalism (It’s Just Beautiful) Proponent(s) William Blake (Poet) Eugène Delacroix (Artist) Document(s) C Liberalism The Sorrows of Young Werther Frankenstein Blake’s Poetry L R N S F

NATIONALISM Social Class(es): ALL (Nationality Transcends Class) Buzzwords Freedom Spirit (Volksgeist) Mixes Well With Independence Doesn’t Play Well With Liberalism (Self-Determination) Romanticism (Beauty & Ideals) Conservatism Proponent(s) Mazzini (Italy) Hegel (German Philosopher) Document(s) The Duties of Man (Mazzini) Grimm’s Fairy Tales C L R N S F

Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix (1830)

SOCIALISM Social Class(es): Buzzwords Working Classes JUSTICE EQUALITY FAIRNESS Harmony Cooperation Association Mixes Well With Organization Community FREEDOM Doesn’t Play Well With Conservatism LIBERALISM It’s Complicated Proponent(s) Louis Blanc, Karl Marx Document(s) Organization of Work, The Communist Manifesto C L R N S F

Conservatism The Old Regime Based on Privilege Two Competing Alternatives LIBERALISM SOCIALISM Abolish Privilege

Conservatism The Old Regime Based on Privilege LIBERALISM SOCIALISM Abolish Privilege INDIVIDUALISM Every Man For Himself

Conservatism The Old Regime Based on Privilege LIBERALISM SOCIALISM Abolish Privilege COLLECTIVISM We’re All In This Together

Conservatism The Old Regime Based on Privilege LIBERALISM SOCIALISM Abolish Privilege INDIVIDUALISM COLLECTIVISM

Conservatism The Old Regime Based on Privilege Conservatives and Liberals shared a belief in private property and a fear of socialism LIBERALISM SOCIALISM Abolish Privilege INDIVIDUALISM COLLECTIVISM

Remember the Ladies

FEMINISM WOMEN Social Class(es): Buzzwords Gender Privilege Mixes Well With Liberalism Socialism Proponent(s) Document(s) C Gender Equality Feminists employed these philosophies – not to say that Liberals and Socialists were feminists Natural Rights Doesn’t Play Well With Conservatism Mary Wollstonecraft John Stuart Mill A Vindication of the Rights of Woman The Subjection of Women L R N S F

Le militarisme • Catégorie: une forme de gouvernement • Caractéristiques: - Un grand militaire agressif - Les politiques de guerre - La croyance qu’il faut toujours maintenir un militaire pret à défendre le pays Exemple: Le Japon pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale Comparaisons? Non

Le socialisme/Le marxisme Categorie: Une idéologie Caractéristiques: - Une société égale, basée sur la coopération et non la compétition • L’élimination des classes sociales (l’idée marxiste) • Un gouvernement totalitaire Exemple: Il n’existe pas de pays complètement socialiste, mais plutôt communiste Comparisons? Le communisme (qui est basé sur le marxisme)

Le libéralisme/La démocratie • Catégorie: Une forme de gouvernement qui signifie “dirigé par le peuple” • Caractéristiques: - La participation directe ou indirecte (representative) - Les droits de l’individu (les libertés. . . ) - Des parties d’opposition Exemple: Le Canada, Les Etats-Unis, La Grande. Bretagne etc. . . Comparisons? Non

Le capitalisme • Catégorie: un système économique • Caractéristiques: - Contrôlé par les individus et les compagnies privées. - Le peuple est libre à decider comment il va gagner et dépenser son salaire - Les classes sociales - L’instabilité économique - Exemple: Le Canada, Les Etats-Unis - Comparisons? Non

L’imperialisme • Catégorie: Un mouvement pour le contrôle des colonies. La ‘colonisation’ • Caractéristiques: - Un pays maternel et une colonie - La pays maternel contrôle tous les aspects de la colonie. Ex: l’infrastructure, la culture, les institutions sociales etc. Exemple: plusieurs pays africains ex: Le Rwanda a été colonisé par la Belgique Comparisons? Non

Le totalitarisme/L’absolutisme • Catégorie: Une forme de gouvernement • Caractéristiques: - Une dictature, une personne a le pouvoir ‘absolu’ Exemples: La Russie (communiste), L’Allemagne nazie (fasciste) Comparisons? Le fascisme, le nazisme, le communisme

Le fascisme • Catégorie: une forme de gouvernement • Caractéristiques: - Une dictature - En pouvoir souvent après un coup - L’etat contrôle tout (totalitaire) - Le patriotisme extrême - Les politiques de guerre - La persécution des minorités - La propagande Exemples: l’Italie sous la direction de Mussolini, L’Espagne sous la direction de Franco, L’ Allemagne sous la direction de Hitler Comparisons? Le nazisme, le totalitarisme

Le communisme • Catégorie: une forme du gouvernement, basé sur le marxisme • Caractéristiques: - Un seul bloc – pas d’opposition - Un gouvernement totalitaire - La propriété publique des moyens de production - L’éducation est importante Exemples? Le Cuba, Le Vîet-Nam, La Corée du Nord. . . Comparisons? Le socialisme/le marxisme