WWII THE HOMEFRONT WWII The Home Front 1941

WWII THE HOMEFRONT

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

WWII Themes Growth in size and power of national government Impact of war on society, economy, and race relation Were the changes positive or negative for the country

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Mobilization The use of a country’s resources for the purpose of the war effort. 1. 2. 3. 4. Military Service (Recruitment/Draft) Industrial Service (employment in war industry) Raise Money (Revenue through taxation/Bonds) Rationing

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Finances Cost of WWII - $250 million per day � (3. 6 Billion dollars a day today)

Finances – War Bonds Cost of WWII - $250 million per day � (3. 6 Billion dollars a day today) Solution #1: Money was borrowed � 1941 debt: $48 billion � 1945 debt: $247 billion

Finances – War Bonds

Finances – War Bonds

Finances - Revenue Act 1942 Solution #2: Revenue Act of 1942 � Tax rates for all were increased

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Military Service - Enlistments 1941: � 1. 6 million 1945: � +15 million men and � 350, 000 women

Military Service 1941: � 1. 6 million 1945: � +15 10 million men million drafted � 350, 000 women

Military Service

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Government Control of Economy Government Agencies � War Production Board (WPB) Converted economy from civilian to military goods 1943 U. S. production = Ger. , It. , and Jap. Combined.

Government Control of Economy example: Auto Industry Mobilizes Chrysler: Tanks � At one Michigan plant 22, 000 tanks were built; during the war Germany built 25, 000 � The U. S. built 50, 000 tanks Ford: Jeeps and planes � Built 288, 000 Jeeps � By end of war, one plane was completed every 63 minutes

Government Control of Economy Women in the Workforce 1941 -1945: Over 6 million women entered the workforce

Video Check Up! How did people mobilize for the war effort? What impact did the war have on ‘War Towns. ’

Video Check Up! How did people mobilize for the war effort? What impact did the war have on ‘War Towns. ’

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Government Control of Economy Government Agencies � War Production Board (WPB) � Office of Price Administration (OPA)

Government Control of Economy Office of Price Administration (OPA) Rationed goods with stamps Set price controls (to counteract war-time inflation) Collected recycled material Set National Speed Limit: 35 mph

Government Control of Economy Office of Price Administration (OPA)

Video Check Up! What types of goods were rationed during the war? How did people react to this type of rationing?

Video Check Up! What types of goods were rationed during the war? How did people react to this type of rationing?

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Government Control of Economy Government Agencies � War Production Board (WPB) � Office of Price Administration (OPA) � Office of Censorship

Office Censorship Designed to promote patriotism and influence public opinion: � Examined letters going overseas � Censored casualty figures � Photos of American war dead were prohibited for some time Later, the media was encouraged to publicize accounts of Japanese atrocities vs. U. S. soldiers

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Economic Boom

Economic Boom Average wages for all workers at least doubled during the war Unemployment was low

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Women in the Workforce 1941 -1945: Over 6 million women entered the workforce Many new women workers were married Women still responsible for “traditional” chores

War and the American Family Marriages and birthrates increased; so did divorces � 1940: 16 divorces per 100 marriages � 1944: 27 divorces per 100 marriages High school enrollment dropped Rates of juvenile delinquency increased

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Race Relations: Native Americans About 25, 000 Native Americans served in armed forces Some Navajo worked as “Code Talkers” Many left reservations to work at defense plants

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

African Americans and WWII Many Af. Americans were conflicted about supporting the war effort � Issue: Why oppose tyranny abroad while southern whites terrorized African Americans at home. Double V Campaign � � Started by the Pittsburgh Courier newspaper in 1942 Encouraged African Americans to participate at every level in winning the war abroad, while simultaneously fighting for their civil rights at home.

Race Relations: African Americans Battle Front: � About one million served in armed forces in segregated units

Race Relations: African Americans Battle Front: � About one million served in armed forces in segregated units Home Front: � Over 700, 000 African Americans left the south and moved to urban industrial areas in the north � Average wages increased from $457 to 1, 976 per year � Racial tension developed in some areas of the country Race riots took place in several cities

FRQ Essay Drill Analyze the home-front experiences of THREE of the following groups during the Second World War. � African Americans � Japanese Americans � Jewish Americans � Mexican Americans

To Serve or Not to Serve? The interviewees in the following clip express a variety of opinions about whether or not African Americans should have participated in the war effort on the home front and battlefront. As you watch, create a chart with each speaker’s name along with his or her personal information, role in the war and reasons for or against participation.

Name -John Hope Franklin -John Gray -Daniel Inouye Changes in the Military Opinion of the War

As you watch, create a chart with each speaker’s name along with his or her personal information, role in the war and reasons for or against participation.

As you watch, create a chart with each speaker’s name along with his or her personal information, role in the war and reasons for or against participation.

“One of the most important results of this war was to begin the process of integration. One must recall that in that war, you had the Japanese… 92 nd division, the Tuskegee Airmen, the Navajo code talkers. The Filipino Americans in Manila, the Puerto Rican regiment, the 65 th Regiment. And all of them, in their way, fought bravely and made a heroic chapter of their lives… And so I think the war played a major role in civil rights. Not realizing that was the purpose, but, so after that, who will tell us, no, you’re not worth to be considered Americans? No one can tell us that to our face. “ -Daniel Inouye

Check Up! 1. 2. 3. 4. Do you believe the Double V Campaign was on target with their mission and goal? How could individual African Americans best further their own quest for equal rights during World War II? Do you agree with John Hope Franklin who decided that his country did not deserve his service? Do you think that participation in the war effort would help or hinder African Americans’ quest for civil rights after the war?

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Hispanic Americans In 1942, the U. S. negotiated the Bracero program allowed Mexican migrant workers to enter the U. S. and work in farms U. S. farmers became dependent upon work of Bracero laborers In California, some U. S. soldiers attacked Mexican and Mexican American youth during the “Zoot Suit” riots.

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Japanese Americans Following the attacks on Pearl Harbor many blamed Japanese. Americans Some called for incarceration of all those of Japanese ancestor living in the U. S. Executive Order 9066 � Created military exclusion zones. Areas in which any or all persons may be excluded.

Executive Order 9066 � Created military exclusion zones. Areas in which any or all persons may be excluded. � About 110, 000 Japanese Americans were relocated into Internment Camps 2/3 were U. S. citizens � Most camps were located in remote parts of the West

Locations of Internment Camps

And when we went to the internment camp, guard towers, double security fence and all that, I really wondered what’s going to happen to us. You know, that this is just the beginning and they may very well send us back to Japan. And that, to me, was horrible. I, in my heart, knew my loyalty belongs to America. I went to school, pledged allegiance every morning in grammar school. And for me to think that I may be sent to Japan was horrendous. And so that was sort of a nightmare. —Susumu Satow, Check Up! � Camp or Prison? What do you think?

Check Up! 1. 2. 3. Why do you think that only Japanese Americans were effected by Ex. Order 9066? Why do you think Americans didn’t protest to Japanese internment camps? Was the gov. justified in sending Japanese Americans to relocations camps?

Korematsu vs. United states The Case: � Fred Korematsu sued the national government over his forced relocation to an internment camp. � In 1944 the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.

Check Up! Each member in the group is to research one of the following topics. You will have ten minutes to do so. � Writ of Habeas Corpus � List of civil rights � Presidential Powers After you have done so compare your notes, and consider the case of Korematsu vs. United states. Did the president have the constitutional authority to remove people of Japanese Ancestry from certain areas of the country?

Research Says! Habeas Corpus Civil Rights Presidential Powers

Korematsu vs. United states The Case: � Fred Korematsu sued the national government over his forced relocation to an internment camp. � In 1944 the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. The Decision: � The Supreme Court upheld the Internment stating that need to protect against espionage outweighed an individual’s rights, and the rights of Americans of Japanese descent.

Japanese Interment: Long Term Impact Japanese Americans lost businesses and homes to foreclosure while in relocation camps. A Government Commission issued a formal apology in 1982 In 1988 Congress awarded each surviving internee Check Up! Was this a sufficient apology for what had been done?

Check Up! To What extent has the United States limited civil liberties during times of war? Quasi War with France Civil War World War II

Check Up! To What extent has the United States limited civil liberties during times of war? Quasi War with France - Alien and Sedition Act – Kentucky and Virginia Resolution Civil War – Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus and Emancipation Proclamation World War I – Espionage Act and Sedition Act Schenck v. United States World War II – Executive Order 9066 –Korematsu v. United States

WWII The Home Front 1941 -1945 Introduction Mobilization � � � Financing the War Military Service Government Control Society/Economy � � � Jobs/Economic Boom Women/Families Race Relations Industrial Service Rationing Office of Censorship Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans Japanese Americans Conclusion

Conclusion The United States was impacted tremendously by involvement in WWII � Size and power of U. S. Government grew � Economy � Society � Race Relations Overall, were these change positive of negative for the country?

Websites of Interest FDR American Home Front World War II Poster Collection Race Riots – PBS Zoot Suit Riots Rationing

Source http: //college. cenga ge. com/history/lectu repoints/index. html