WWII COLD WAR KOREAN WAR American History II

WWII, COLD WAR, KOREAN WAR American History II - Unit 5 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=hrne. Wz. XJVAo

Review • What differences contributed to post-war tensions between the US and USSR? • Capitalism and democracy vs. communist dictatorship • US angry that Stalin supported Hitler, Stalin angry Truman kept the bomb a secret • US wanted to reunite Germany, USSR wanted to keep Germany divided • Why did Stalin feel justified in establishing satellite nations? • USSR suffered large casualties and physical destruction in the war – wanted to use satellite nations as a buffer for future attacks and as mines for natural resources • What does the “iron curtain” refer to? • The division in between western Europe (and NATO) and eastern Europe (Warsaw Pact) • What steps did the US take to try to contain communism in Europe? • Truman Doctrine – aid to any nation resisting communism • Marshall Plan – aid to rebuild war torn European countries • Berlin Airlift – supplies to west Berlin while resisting Soviet forces • Establishment of NATO – pledged military support in case of a USSR attack

5. 7 – THE KOREAN WAR AND ESCALATING COLD WAR

Democratic-Republican Shift • July 28, 1948 – Truman issued Executive Order 9981 desegregated military • Election of 1948 • Democrat – Truman • Republican – Dewey • States’ Rights Democrat (“Dixiecrat”) – Thurmond • Truman won, narrowly, but with the help much of the African American and minority vote

China: Nationalists vs. Communists • Chiang Kai-shek – Nationalist (almost totalitarian) leader of China • Favored in southern and eastern China • Supported by US • 1945 -49 - $3 B in US aid • Some American officials viewed Chiang as inefficient and corrupt • Mao Zedong – head of Communist Party and Red Army • Favored in northern china • Relied on USSR aid • Attracted peasants through promising land reform, literacy education, and more food production • By 1945, much of northern China under communist control

Civil War in China • After WWII (Japan no longer a threat), Nationalists and Communists no longer cooperate • 1945 -49, US supported Nationalists ($, not troops) • May 1949 – Chiang and supporters fled to Taiwan • “Formosa” to Westerners • Communists established People’s Republic of China (PRD) US refused to recognize gov’t

America’s Response to PRC • Containment failed! China became Communist! • Truman attacked for not doing more to support Chinese Nationalists State Dep’t said Communism in China resulted from internal forces, not external influence • Some Conservatives in Congress didn’t accept that excuse… believed the American gov’t was riddled with Communist agents panic concerning Communism rising in America

Korea • 1910 – Japan annexed Korea • August 1945 • Japanese north of 38 th parallel surrendered to USSR • Japanese south of the 38 th parallel surrendered to US • Post-war Korea was divided in half along the 38 th parallel (like Germany)

Korea North of 38 th Parallel • Soviet control • Communist • Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) • Kim Il Sung • Capital - Pyongyang South of 38 th Parallel • American control • Democratic • Republic of Korea (South Korea) • Syngman Rhee • Capital - Seoul • June 1949 – only 500 American troops in South Korea • Soviets believed US would not fight to defend South Korea • Soviets backed North Korea with tanks, airplanes, and money to take over entire peninsula

The Korean War • June 25, 1950 – NK launched surprise attack on SK • Korean War - 1950 -53, conflict between NK and SK, US and UN nations supported SK, China supported NK • South Korea petitioned the UN for help vote passed to help SK • USSR not present due to their UN boycott – angry due to UN acknowledgment of Chinese Nationalists in Taiwan • Soviets could not veto UN’s resolution

The Korean War • June 27, 1950 • US troops in Japan reported to SK • 16 nations (including US) sent 520, 000 troops + 590, 000 SK troops • SK All troops under command of General Douglas Mac. Arthur (WWII hero)

Mac. Arthur’s Counterattack • At first, NK forces controlled Yalu River most of the peninsula • Sept. 15, 1950 – Mac. Arthur launched surprise amphibious attack on Inchon while troops approached from Pusan trapped NK forces, surrendered and retreated past to 38 th parallel line Inchon • Nov. 1950 – UN troops reached the Yalu River Korea might be whole again… Pusan Wikipedia GIF on Korean War

Chinese Fight Back • Nov. 1950 – Chinese troops joined NK • Did not want US troops near the border, NK as a buffer between SK and Communist China • Korean War = China vs. US • Chinese pushed US troops south, away from the NK-China border progress further south and capture Seoul in Jan. 1951 • Stalemate – no substantial advances

Mac. Arthur Recommends Attacking China • To end stalemate, Mac. Arthur called for nuclear weapon use on China • Truman disagreed China aligned with Soviet Union, bombing China = World War III • War with China would be “the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy. ” – General Omar Bradley • SK and US forces begin attempt to advance on NK troops April 1951 – Seoul retaken and NK at 38 th parallel…. SQUARE ONE!

Mac. Arthur vs. Truman • Mc. Arthur – WAR WITH CHINA! • Spoke with newspaper and magazine publishers… even Republican leaders • Truman – ABSOLUTELY NOT! • Despite warnings from superiors, Mc. Arthur continued to undermine and criticize Truman April 11, 1951 – Truman fired Mac. Arthur • Initially, most Americans shocked, supported Mac. Arthur (WWII hero!) • After a while, public opinion swayed and Americans realized Truman’s case for limiting the war was a logical and smart move.

Truce • Long, bloody stalemate June 23, 1951 – USSR suggested a cease-fire, truce talks followed • Location of the cease-fire line to be at the existing battle line • Establishment of a demilitarized zone (area without military activities) between NK and SK • Agreement did not fully please Truman • Korea still two separate nations (US = ) • Communism contained without using atomic weapons (US = )

Post-Korean War • Korean War Impact • 54, 000 US lives lost • $67 B • Increased fear of domestic communist aggression and influence • High cost and low reward result of Korean War turned many Americans away from the Democratic Party • Election of 1952 • Democrat – Adlai Stevenson • Republican – Dwight D. Eisenhower (WWII hero) • 34 th POTUS - Eisenhower

Dwight D. Eisenhower • 34 th POTUS - 1952 -1960 • Moderate Republican (Americans tired of Democrats, in office since 1933) • WWII hero (General, led Operation Torch, Operation Overlord) • “I like Ike!” campaign slogan • Raised minimum wage, compromised on civil rights, extended social security, increased funding for public housing, created a national interstate highway system

ESCALATING COLD WAR

Race for the H-Bomb • 1949 - Soviet Union tested atomic bomb • Truman vs Stalin race for the H-bomb – hydrogen bomb • 67 x more destructive than the atomic bomb • Nov. 1, 1952 – US tested first H-bomb • 1953 – Soviets tested Hbomb

Policy of Brinkmanship • Sec of State, John Foster Dulles, staunch anticommunist • Dulles proposed to threaten any aggressor communist nation with nuclear weapons • Brinkmanship – the willingness of the US to go to the edge of all-out nuclear war • US trimmed army/navy, expanded air force, increased nuclear weapon supply • Constant fear of nuclear warfare

Nikita Khrushchev • 1953 – Stalin died, a series of leaders take control for a few years until 1955 • Nikita Khrushchev – Soviet leader who believed that communism would take over the world, however do this peacefully • Favored a policy of coexistence in which US and USSR would compete economically and scientifically

Open-Skies Proposal • July 1955 – Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders in Switzerland Eisenhower suggested “open-skies” proposal • The US and USSR would allow flights over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks build trust and decrease tensions • Soviets rejected the plan. • However, seen as step towards global peacekeeping.

The Suez War • 1955 – Egypt to build dam on Nile River • Egypt played USSR and US to see who would give better aid GB and US agreed but US withdrew offer later • Egypt angered and took control of the Suez Canal (owned by France and GB) • France, GB, and Israel sent troops and seized a part of the canal • UN stepped in troops withdrawn and canal in Egypt’s control

Eisenhower Doctrine • USSR supported Egypt in the Suez War Soviet prestige to rise in the Middle East • Eisenhower Doctrine – 1957, US would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country

CIA • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – gov’t agency that used spies to gather information abroad, carried out covert (secret) operations to weaken or overthrow opposing gov’ts • Established in 1947 • Used extensively by Eisenhower’s administration to organize missions to prevent the spread of communism in the Middle East and Latin America • Tested different types of weapons to study effectiveness (ex: psychedelics)

Hungarian Uprising • 1956 – Hungary revolted against Soviet • • control for a democratic gov’t Soviet troops killed 30, 000 Hungarians 200, 000 Hungarians fled west Truman Doctrine promised aid to countries resisting Communist powers, the US did nothing to help Hungary Hungarians bitter and disappointed No UN help either, all proposals were vetoed by USSR • What would Hungary’s position as a satellite nation have to do with the US denying aid?

Space Race • US vs USSR desire for international power/prestige Space Race • Who can get a man into outer space first • USSR victory – Oct. 4, 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik, first artificial satellite that took pictures of Earth as it orbited it • US increased space funding Jan. 31, 1958 – US launched its first satellite

U-2 Incident • “Open-skies” proposal rejected by USSR, however, US CIA continued to fly planes over USSR secretly to track military mov’t and missile sites • U-2 plane – could fly at high altitudes without being detected • By 1960, US officials nervous about U-2 program • Existence and purpose of U-2 planes was an open secret among some American press Soviets had been aware of the flights for a few years • Eisenhower called for the discontinuation of the U-2 program, but not before 1 last flight

U-2 Incident • May 1, 1960 – Francis Gary Powers piloted a plane over Soviet territory • Shot down • Parachuted into Soviet territory • Sentenced to 10 years in Soviet prison • Released after 18 months in return for a Soviet agent convicted of spying in the US • Came to be known as the U-2 Incident

The U-2 Incident • Khrushchev demanded apology for spying U-2 planes • Eisenhower agreed to stop flight, but would not apologize • Khrushchev called off soon-to-be peace summit and withdrew Eisenhower’s invitation to visit the USSR Tensions growing between US and USSR