WWI The Great War The War to End

WWI The “Great War” & “The War to End All Wars”

How to Remember World War I

Start by memorizing the following: B-FAIR to the MAIN SLUGZ so they don’t get eaten by A -HOG

World War I sides are: B-FAIR = Allied Powers Britain, France, America, Italy, & Russia Italy changed Russia left war sides during early because of the war. internal strife.

A-HOG = Central Powers Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, & Germany

The Reasons for WWI are: Militarism Alliances Imperialis m Nationalis

MAIN are like sticks of dynamite, which are stable until a spark sets them off. This “spark” that began WWI was the assassination of the heir to the Austria. Hungary throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The Archduke & his wife were assassinated by Gavrillo Princip Archduke & wife Sophie Archduke & Sophie getting into car just before assassination http: //www. worldwar 1. com/biohff 2. htm

The assassination pictures continued Princip Archduke & wife Sophie bodies lie in state http: //www. worldwar 1. com/biohff 2. htm

S L U G Z are the reasons for U. S. involvement in World War I

Sussex Pledge = promise by Germany to warn ships before firing upon them with submarines

Lusitania = The sinking of the ship Lusitania

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (or U-Boats) = Germany rescinded their promise to warn before striking ships

Great Britain The US & Great Britain have many close ties (including language) which enhance the closeness of the 2 countries

Zimmerman Note = A letter written to the Spanish Ambassador from Germany which stated that Mexico would obtain part of the US if they would declare war on the US

M. A. I. N. Causes of WWI Militarism (keeping army prepared for war) ready to fight right away Alliance System (choose sides) did more harm than good Imperialism (stronger taking over weaker nations) caused fights over who would control what Nationalism (loyalty to your nation) caused competition with other countries

Triple Alliance 1. Germany 2. Austria-Hungary 3. Italy Organized by Prussia’s Otto von Bismarck Goal was to isolate France Alliance was not very stable

Kaiser Wilhelm II (ruler of Germany) made Bismarck resign n Allowed Germany’s treaty with Russia to lapse n So Russia created a new alliance with France NOT GOOD! Enemies are now on both sides of the country n

Kaiser then challenged Britaincreated a navy to rival theirs n Caused Great Britain to increase their navy and make it’s own alliances TRIPLE ENTENTE 1. Great Britain 2. France 3. Russia *They are not yet at war though… n

“The Powder Keg of Europe” The Balkans- had a long history of uprisings and cultural clashes Both Russia and Austria-Hungary wanted control of the area Serbia (a Balkan country) hated A. H. and was backed by Russia (weak) Germany however backed A. H. , so Russia & Serbia backed down

HOW IT BEGINS… Heir to Austria-Hungarian throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand is in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 with his wife Both are assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand (secret society to get rid of A. H. rule in Bosnia) Austria-Hungary blames Serbia for his death (A-H didn’t like Serbia) Serbia gets scared and asks Russia for support

Russia disliked Austria-Hungary too, so they agreed to help n Russia did not declare war, but started moving troops n Germany (allies or “friends” of Austria-Hungary) saw this and war was declared n Soon Germany declared war on France too (yup, just because they were allies of Russia) n

The Schlieffen Plan n n Named after General Von Schlieffen Germans would attack France first by cutting through “neutral” Belgium Then would go after Russia IT FAILED- Belgium was protected by England (you guessed it- France & England were allies!) By August, 1914 ALL of Europe is at war

SO who is fighting who? ? ? ALLIED POWERS: England, France, & Russia (later Japan & Italy help out) n CENTRAL POWERS: Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Ottoman Empire (Turkey today) n

And where are they fighting? n n n WESTERN FRONT: France/Germany border Battle of the Marne-1 st major battle TRENCH WARFARE: 250 miles of dugout holes about 4 -5 ft deep Horrible conditions: rat infested, decaying bodies, nasty smells, dirt everywhere Millions die just to gain 100 -200 yards of territory

Trench Warfare

n n n “Over the Top” phrase used by the British when troops would attempt to get out and fight “No man’s land”- area between the trenches- layered with barbed wire and open to machine gun fire New weapons: Machine gun, flame thrower, tanks, U-Boats (Under sea boats), Mustard Gas (chemical warfare), airplane

Major Battles on the Western Front Battle of Verdun: 1916 • Germany launched a massive attack against the French. • 300, 000 casualties on each side, Germany gained 4 miles (they later lost it) Battle of the Somme: 1916 • British tried to relieve pressure on French • 500, 000 casualties on each side, British gained 5 miles

Eastern Front n Battle of Tannenberg- Russia was heavily defeated by Germans; Russia never recovered

New Weapons

Petrol Driven Engines n Trucks, motorcycles

Air n Zeppelin, airplanes

Zeppelins

Airplanes n n n Reconnaissance and photography Bombing Armed with machine guns • Dog Fights • The Red Barron

Machine gun

Artillery

Grenades

Gas n Mustard gas and chlorine gasintroduced by Germans just read! Total Casualties Death Austria-Hungary 100, 000 3, 000 British Empire 188, 706 8, 109 France 190, 000 8, 000 Germany 200, 000 9, 000 60, 000 4, 627 419, 340 56, 000 USA 72, 807 1, 462 Others 10, 000 1, 000 Country Italy Russia

Submarines n German U-boats

Tanks just read! Tank Production 1916 -18 UK France Germany Italy USA 1916 150 - - 1917 1, 277 800 - - - 1918 1, 391 4, 000 20 6 84 Year

Flamethrowers

USA enters the war-1917 US was practicing ISOLATIONISMstaying out of it So WHY do we help? S. L. U. G. Z. 1. Germany’s U-boat sinks a British passenger ship the Lusitania- kills 128 Americans (unrestricted warfare) 2. USA had loaned England $$ to help fight 3. Zimmerman Note: Germany tried to get Mexico to attack the US so we could not help France and England 4. Ties with Great Britain 5. Sussex

President Woodrow Wilson declares war (April 2, 1917) U. S. joins the ALLIES against the CENTRAL POWERS Now have the BIG FOUR: 1. Woodrow Wilson (USA) 2. Vittorio Orlando (ITALY) 3. David Lloyd George (G. BRITAIN) 4. George Clemenceau (FRANCE)

TOTAL WAR n n Rationing was in effect- only could buy small amounts of things needed for the war Propaganda- one sided info used to keep people supporting the war and going against the govt

War is coming to an end Germany defeats Russia! (Russia had an internal revolution they had to take care of) n Russia lost big and had to give up lots of territory treaty eventually becomes invalid n

n n n Germany put all it’s efforts into the Western Front now that war with Russia was over With fresh U. S. troops (“doughboys”) the Central Powers fell one by one Armistice (agreement to stop fighting) was signed in Paris 11 -11 -1918 -Armistice Day

PEACE Wilson’s 14 Points (suggestions for lasting peace) n COMPROMISE…FINALLY! Treaty of Versailles- punished Germany for WWI- had to pay “reparations” or $$ back and gave up land (BIG reason for Hitler & WWII) *League of Nations created under 14 Points-International group to keep world peace n