WWI The Great War The War to end

WWI - The Great War The War to end all wars 1914 -1918 (European involvement ) 1917 -1918 (US involvement)

War artist, Paul Nash, page 356 • WW 1 combat soldier depicts the horrific wartime landscape • Demonstrates the slaughter by showing war’s savage effects on landscape • Sadly, WW 1 was just the opening act of a half-century of global violence and bloodshed • What do you think about color choices in this painting? • What do you see and what does it mean? • Why do nations choose to battle on the field instead of at the diplomacy table? • Will this ever change?

“If a man kills another man he is a murderer, but if a man kills a million men he is a conqueror” • TPS……attack or defend this statement! • Let’s turn to p. 362 to interact with history

“Shell Shocked” – The Century (part 1: 15 min)

“Shell Shocked” – The Century (part 2: 15 min) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Mx. V 9 a. XA 9 EJM&feature=relmfu

Alliances meant to create Peace • In 1880’s, alliances form with the intention of creating greater peace in Europe. Instead it leads to WWI. • In Germany, Otto Van Bismarck sees France as a threat to peace so they form an alliance with Austria-Hungary. • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (later said that it was a defensive strategy to be part of this alliance) • Kaiser Wilhelm II forces Bismarck out in 1888 and does not want to share power with anyone. He lets a treaty lapse that Bismarck had made with Russia decides to create a defensive alliance with France. A war with one would be a war with both and that would mean a 2 front war. • The Kaiser was also jealous of GB’s colonial empire and navy, so they start to attempt to challenge GB in those areas. • GB is alarmed by this and enters an entente with France and Russia. An entente is an informal alliance. GB was not required to back them in war and they also wouldn’t go to war against them. • Triple Entente: GB, France, Russia

Alliances lead to War, instead of Peace • When the war begins, these alliances become the two sides of the war. • Allied Powers: GB, France, Russia (exits in 1917), (US in 1917), Japan, Italy • Central Powers: Germany, Austria. Hungary…. . Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire join in hopes of regaining lost territories q Italy goes from the Triple Alliance (joined them for defensive reasons), then neutral, and eventually the Allies ( months into the war). They change sides because they did not care for Germany’s unprovoked attack on neutral Belgium. They will go from the “bad guys” side to the “good guys” side in WWII.

The Century – “Shell Shocked” (parts 1 -2 of 3) see favorites

Causes of WWI “M. A. I. N. ” (long term causes) Ø Militarism Ø Alliances Ø Imperialism Ø Nationalism Immediate causes Ø Crisis in the Balkans which lead to…. Ø Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand We can also remember the causes by using the acronym: MANIA: Ø Militarism Ø Alliances Ø Nationalism Ø Imperialism Ø Assassination

MILITARISM • Glorification of the military…. rise of military dictatorships – War seen as solution to international problems – No major wars within 30 years + • military leaders restless and eager to prove superiority with new weapons – Germany building massive, modern army • Creates anxiety in other Great Powers

ALLIANCES – strength in #’s

IMPERIALISM • Leads to economic and egotistical competition • Rivalries develop b/w Great Powers over land wealth • Tension over territories in Africa

NATIONALISM – extreme pride in one’s country • Nationalism – Strong in Balkan Peninsula • Many smaller nations gaining independence from Ottoman Empire (Serbia, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Romania) • A-H threatening to annex them • Russia happy to support Slavic nationalism (only to take them over later) – Economic Competition • GB and Germany relations become tense due to economic rivalry • Rivalries encourage strong sense of pride BALKAN PENINSULA

The Assassination in Sarajevo, 1914 Let’s take a look at “Murder at Sarajevo” – group read (accordion folder)

The SPARK that ignites the fuse on the powder keg • The war is ignited by an event that takes place on the Balkan Peninsula. • This area is known as the “Powder Keg of Europe”. What is meant by that? • This area was still volatile in the 1990’s. Slobodan Milsovich (President of former Yugoslavia) was convicted for atrocities against humanity.

Continued…. The SPARK that ignites the fuse on the powder keg • 7 Members of the Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist group embarked on a plan to kill the Archduke as his motorcade rolled through the streets. • A few of the plotters got cold feet and did nothing. One threw a hand grenade at the motorcade (6 cars) killing some members in one of the car and others in crowd were injured by the shrapnel. • The thrower of the grenade immediately took some cyanide poison and jumped into a nearby river. Unfortunately for him, the pills were outdated (ineffective) and the river wasn’t deep so he didn’t die and was detained.

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip • The Archduke decided he wanted to visit the injured at the hospital, but his driver took a wrong turn and his car stalled right in front of Princip. • Gavrilo was able to walk up to within 5 feet of the car and fired two fatal shots killing Franz and Sophie. • He was only 19 at the time of the shooting. • Upon arrest, he was too young for death penalty, so he got 20 years. He tried to commit suicide twice (cyanide and pistol…cyanide was out of date, didn’t work) • He died at age 22 from TB (harsh conditions in the jail worsened by the war)

The SPARK continued…. . • Austria sends an ultimatum. The Serbian government agrees to all except turning over Princip, who is in custody. • Austria-Hungary empire attacks Serbia. Russia backs the Serbs (they are both of the Orthodox faith) and the rest of the dominos begin to fall. Germany declares war with Russia (Aug. 1) and France (Aug. 3). They start a war with two fronts. Why is that NOT very strategic? • Germany invades Belgium (neutral) on way to France. Belgium asks GB for help. GB declares war on Germany • Meanwhile, the US is not involved and not planning on getting involved. The general public does not want us to go to war. • What are some motives for assassination?

Crime of the Ages…”Who Did It? ”

Journal Entry Ø The Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Reporting live from Sarajevo • Your entry today will be in the form of a “live report from the assassination scene in Sarajevo”. Include as much factual detail as possible. Please include your fictitious name as the reporter and any people you might interview. 5 facts that should be underlined. Use p. 366 The report should be at least a half page long. It should read like a play script (see below). • EXAMPLE: • Storm Davis: This is Storm Davis reporting live from Sarajevo. I’m trying to get a word with the supposed assassin himself, Gavrilo Princip. • Gavrilo Princip: I did it and I’m happy I did it.

The Schlieffen (SHLEE-fuhn) Plan • the plan was to win the twofront war by first quickly beating France before Russia would be able to mobilize against Germany • depended on Germany's ability to invade France before France could fully mobilize its troops to defend itself, and then to turn on Russia, seen as the slowest of the three to mobilize, before the Russians were ready

German Atrocities in Belgium

New Technology of War • Bolt action Rifle -10 rounds/minute • Machine Gun – Maxim Gun – 600 rounds per minute – Most devastating effect on how the war was fought – Forced men into trenches

BIG BERTHA • Big Bertha – Super heavy howitzer developed by famous gun manufacturer - Krupp – Named after heiress to Krupp dynasty – Allies referred to any large German artillery as Big Bertha

POISON GAS (very effective vs. Trenches) • Poison Gas (1 st major example of chemical warfare) • Types: – Tear Gas: eye irritant – Mustard Gas: skin irritant – Chlorine: LETHAL, eyes, nose, lung irritant that could cause asphyxiation • French 1 st to use it…. grenades filled with tear gas – 1914 • Germans 1 st to use Chlorine and Mustard Gas. • Forces troops to break ranks • Only 4% related-deaths (“only 90, 000”)

SUBS • Submarine (U-boats) – Unrestricted sub warfare (Only used by Germans) – US and GB had technology but chose not to use it; “ungentlemanly” – Very effective in sinking GB and US ships – Very influential in bringing US into the war (Lusitania)

TANKS • Tanks – Solution to the stalemate of the trenches. Used to move through “no man’s land” – Improvement of armored trucks that got stuck in the mud – 1916: Developed into “tanks” – 1918: more effective tanks finally developed – The tide in war turned with US’s version of the tank 1916 1918

AIRPLANES • Airplanes – Made out of canvas and wood – Flew up to 100 mph – Early use for reconnaissance – Dog-fights began after mounting machine guns - Zeppelin’s were also used for RECON and to move large amounts of supplies.

Animals in the War! http: //www. theatlantic. com/static/infocus/wwianimals/

TRENCH WARFARE Trench warfare had been around for awhile but it had reached its height in WWI. Some of these trenches were elaborate and some where basic. They all meant slow, difficult and patient fighting (“War of attrition”). Sometimes trenches were only 7 yards apart between the Allies and the Central Powers (Germans, Austrian. Hungarians, Ottoman Empire). “No man’s land” was the area between the trenches.

The Battle of the Marne - Sept. 1914 • Located just east of Paris along the Marne River • GOAL: Allies to push the Germans back from Paris • Allied forces are successful (Belgium fights back and GB attacks…also, Russian mobilizes faster than anticipated) • Schlieffen Plan ruined – Slow moving battle – Both sides “dig in” – Trench warfare is born

Trench Warfare (http: //theweek. com/captured/446624/life-death-trenches • After the Battle of the Marne (1914) it was evident Allied soldiers were not equipped to protect themselves from rapid gunfire…so they dug in…trench warfare begins • It was said that you could smell them before you saw them!

Trenches • Elaborate system of trenches zigzagged (they were built like this so if a mortar hit the trench it didn’t cause extensive damage/casualties) along the Western Front (France) • A line of men stood shoulder to shoulder and dug an 8 -10 ft deep trench. This sped up the process/effectiveness. They dug at night to avoid gun fire. • Used by both Allies and Germans • Only front line soldiers fought in trenches (4 days on, 4 days off depending on conditions) • Poor sanitary conditions. They roasted in the summer and froze in the winter. They had to contest with rats and lice. • Many died from trench foot. British Trenches German Trenches

Trenches • Barbed/razor wire was strung at night in No man’s land to make navigation difficult for the enemy. Wire cutters were used by the opposition to get through. • The banked part of the trench allowed soldiers to have a perch to fire from…. this was called a parapet. • Loopholes (gaps in sandbags) allowed soldiers to see out of the trench without sticking their head up too far. • “Going over the top” meant climbing up out of the trench to charge the enemy in No Man’s Land. • Some trenches evolved into building an elevated “bridge” on the floor of the trench to allow water to travel underneath it Trench construction diagram from British infantry manual - 1914

A Letter from the Trenches Your entry today will be in the form of a “letter from the trenches” of WWI. You will be in the trenches here in the room (desks will be arranged to give you a feeling that you’re in the trenches). It should read and look like a letter Use your senses and what you’ve read to add as much detail as possible. You need to include at least 5 details based in fact. Write well!

Truly a Global Conflict • The Allies wanted to attack the Ottoman Turks at the Dardanelles (strait that leads to Constantinople). • If they take Constantinople (capital of Ottoman empire), they defeat the Turks, and get a supply line/warm water port to Russia. • This battle like many others in WWI turns into a bloody stalemate. They dig in with trench warfare and eventually the Allies will evacuate but not after suffering 250, 000 casualties. • Japan attacks German colonies in East Asia and in the Pacific. • France and GB takes over three of Germany’s four African colonies. • Troops from India, South Africa, Senegal, Egypt, Algeria, and Indochina also support the Allies. • There will be two events in the span of two years that draw the US into the war.

What is neutrality? When you (in your own life) or a country is neutral, how might you feel or what kind of treatment might your country receive? “There is such a thing as being too proud to fight. There is such a thing as a nation being so right that it does not need to convince others by force that it is right” – Woodrow Wilson

• Interpret this cartoon

Why do we finally enter the war? ØUS banks were making loans to Allied Countries (the good guys) ØUnrestricted submarine warfare (any vessel is fair game: military, merchant…. . even passenger) Ø 1915 - Sinking of the Lusitania (passengner ship with 1, 198 people deaths - 128 US citizens) Ø 1917 - Zimmerman telegraph (it is intercepted by British Naval Intelligence, decoded by cryptoanalysts of Room 40 and relayed to US Embassy in GB). Wilson leaks this news to the public. A few days later four American merchant ships were sunk, leaving Wilson with no choice but to go to Congress to declare war. • Zimmerman is part of the German Foreign Ministry. Letter is sent to Mexico to set up an alliance with Germany (Von Eckhardt is the German Ambass to Mexico and Bernstorff is the Germ. Ambass to US). • Why did Germany send this? Stop the US from sending war supplies to Allies and from getting involved in Europe. The deal is if Mexico can accomplish this, Mexico will be given back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if Germany wins.

Lusitania Advertisement Why does this advertisement warn potential passengers? What happened to the Lusitania and how did that affect popular opinion in the US? The Lusitania (named after the former Roman province which is modern day Portugal) made 200 round trips from UK to US. This was an ad that preceded her final voyage.

1910 - Lusitania docked at Chelsea Piers (Pier 54) in NYC. She was an Armed Merchant Cruiser (Secret)

1915 - Sinking of the Lusitania o Up to this point, President Wilson is campaigning for re-election under the mantra of “We won’t go to war”. This event will question Isolationism.

Infants awaiting burial in Queenstown, Ireland (destination of the Lusitania and last port of call for the Titanic – much like the Titanic they did not have enough lifeboats)

• What is the motive of this cartoon?

Interpret this cartoon….

Propaganda

1917 - Zimmerman Telegram

Some Promise! April 1917 Let’s crack the code! We will go through a similar process. How long did it take to crack the code? https: //spotlights. fold 3. com/2012/0 7/02/zimmermann-telegram/

What needs to be done now that we are in the war? v We need to shift from Peace Time Production to War Time Production (move to heavy industry build tanks…. ”Butter to Guns”) v Wilson asks us to conserve food and make sacrifices (Ration and grow Victory gardens)…. Meatless Mondays and Wheatless Wednesdays. v However, there is a peace movement. Carnegie (Steel) and Ford (automobiles) are leading the charge. Why? v Their work force is being depleted. Now they have to hire women and minorities. They don’t like this.

This opens the door for woman’s suffrage in 1920 with the 19 th Amendment.

How does it all play out? ØThe Western Front is SLOOOOOW going. ØWhy? Trench warfare ØEastern Front = battlefield on Russian/German border. Russians and Serbs vs. Germans, Austrians, and Turks ØRussia launches attack in the beginning of the war (1914). Germany counters and will crush the Russians at the Battle of Tannenberg. • Germany wins back some territory, seizes much needed guns and horses, and kills 30, 000 Russians (this is going to be a recurring theme…. . Russians aren’t well trained but there a lot of them…same will hold true in WW 2). • The Austrians were able to drive the Russians out of Austria. Meanwhile, the Russians were running out of steam. They weren’t as industrialized as their opponents, so their supplies were running low and the Allies couldn’t get supplies to them because the Central Powers were blockading water routes.

continued …. How does it all play out? ØThe Russians lost 2 million soldiers (either killed, injured, captured) in 1915 alone. But they kept sending more and more troops because of their enormous population. ØBy 1917, another 3. 5 million casualties…. . morale was at an all time low. ØWithin 8 months, 2 revolutions (Communist Revolutions) rocked Russia. Czar Nicholas is overthrown and Russia is forced to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which ended the war between her and Germany. ØRussia had to surrender present day Ukraine (bread basket of Europe), Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. They would later get their independence from Germany. • Now the Germans could focus entirely on the Western Front. They launch a massive attack and are initially successful. They advance to the Marne River once again. • However, fresh US troops (Doughboys) would be the difference. Germany will be defeated along with her allies.

Armistice Day - War is over- 11 th hour of 11 th day of 11 th month 1918 • In January of 1918, Wilson declares his “ 14 points” (an idealistic proposal about ending the war). He delivers this while the war is still being waged. • Hi-lites: ü No secret treaties ü Freedom of the high seas (no unrestricted sub warfare) ü Decrease arms in all countries ü Recognize ethnicity in Europe (give them their land) ü Development of the League of Nations (this would mean us being the “cops on the block”, which contradicts Wilson’s promise to address domestic issues). It was intended to be a general association of nations that would seek to keep peace in the world (not all countries are a part of it – like we will have with the UN ……. it lasted until 1946……had as many as 58 countries)

Versailles Palace in France 37, 000 acres were cleared. 1, 400 fountains were placed on the grounds. 36, 000 workers. Could hold 5, 000 people, including servants. It now sits on 2, 000 acres with 12 miles of roads. It was the residence of many French Kings. (most notably Louis XIV and XVI)

Hall of Mirrors The treaty was signed in the famous here!

1919, Treaty of Versailles • Paris Peace Conference lingered for 1 year (vigorous, bitter debate) • This is the treaty that spells out the terms of the end of the war and the ramifications of it. • 70 delegates from 32 countries meet to sign treaty that is intended to cripple Germany. It is signed exactly 5 yrs after the assassination of the Arch Duke. • France and GB aren’t happy with us. We enter three years later than them and we want to take the credit. They also don’t agree with President Wilson’s 14 Points. • Wilson’s 14 points were rooted in idealism and this treaty was based on realism. • No Central Powers invited. Russia didn’t attend due to civil war.

• v v 1919, Treaty of Versailles The Big 4: US – Wilson (he and Clemenceau have very different approaches – see p. 380!) GB – Prime Minister George (he also doesn’t like Wilson’s idea) France – Clemenceau Italy – Orlando (remember they were part of the Triple Alliance with Germany and A-H to start!) • When Wilson returns to Senate, they reject it! http: //www. ushistory. org/us/45 d. asp Orlando George Clemenceau Wilson

Terms of the Treaty ü Reparations (“pay up”): Germany is expected to foot the bill for the war. They must pay $5 B in two years and another $56 B later (much of this money is NEVER collected. ) ü Admit guilt to starting WWI ü Return the rich Alsace-Lorraine region of France ü Surrender all overseas colonies (Africa, ME, Asia) ü Military revisions: • No Draft • Max # in army is 100, 000 • No tanks, heavy artillery, aircraft, poison gas, subs Germany signs the agreement, but they never forget!

New Nations created after WWI see map on p. 382 • • Poland Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Finland 3 Baltic nations (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania) Austria Hungary

The price you pay • Trumbo, author of “Johnny Got His Gun” wrote this about Vietnam in 1970: • We have become numb to numbers. They have dehumanized us. At breakfast, we read about 40, 000 dead in Vietnam in our newspapers. Instead of vomiting, we reach for the toast. • Here is an equation: 40, 000 dead = 3, 000 tons of bone and flesh 124, 000 pounds of brain matter 50, 000 gallons of blood 1, 840, 000 years of life never lived 100, 000 children never born

Not even the death toll yet…. • Additional, 20 million died of disease, hunger, etc… • 6 M left crippled

Central Powers Military Deaths • • Germany-2, 050, 897 A-H-1, 100, 000 Bulgaria-87, 500 Ottomans-771, 844 • Total- 4, 010, 241

Allied Powers Military Deaths • • British Empire-1, 114, 914 France- 1, 397, 800 Russia- 1, 811, 000 Italy- 651, 000 Serbia- 275, 000 Romania- 250, 00 United States- 116, 708 Others-99, 000 • Total: 5, 711, 696

The price you pay • Here is the equation using WWI stats: 9, 000 dead = 1, 350, 000 tons of bone and flesh 27, 900, 000 pounds of brain matter 11, 250, 000 gallons of blood 414, 000 years of life never lived 22, 500, 000 children never born • 9, 000 seems a little less statistical when you view it this way