Wrtsil Me OH engine experiences 1 Lund University

Wärtsilä Me. OH engine experiences 1 Lund University / Martin Tunér / Methanol Engine Advancement for Sustainable Transport Symposium / 2016 -02 -23

ZA 40 -MD Sum-Up Methanol-Diesel MD engine • Methanol is burnt according to diesel process • Methanol is injected close to TDC and ignited by a small amount of diesel pilot fuel Pros Cons + no knocking (diesel combustion) - NOx higher than for DF concept - NOx depends on pilot fuel for ignition + no power reduction + good load acceptance + cost effective adaption + low THC, CO (and formaldehyde) levels + good back-up fuel performance • High pressure Methanol injection - 600 bar • Three needles for Methanol injection • 1 needle for standard & pilot diesel injection to ignite the methanol / 32 © Wärtsilä Doc. ID: Revision: Status:

Tests on Methanol – Initial testing of Wärtsilä MD concept Engine: Wärtsilä Vasa 32 Optimal heat release Reduced NOx Lower Exhaust Temperatre Same efficiency as diesel q CO, THC acceptable ( < 1 g/k. Wh) q Formaldehyde emissions low ~ much below TA-luft q No Formic acid detected in exhaust gases / 32 © Wärtsilä Doc. ID: Revision: Status:

Tests on Methanol – Recent testing of Wärtsilä Sulzer Z 40 S-MD ke x NO o Sm Tier II 10, 5 g/k. Wh Tier III 2, 6 g/k. Wh p m e T Repeated tests on Sulzer Z 40 S-MD show same trends as the pre-tests on Wärtilä Vasa 32: à Reduced NOx / PM à Reduced exhaust temperature à Same (or better) efficiency / 32 © Wärtsilä Doc. ID: Revision: Status:

Conclusions Methanol • One of the most promising candidates for low cost, high efficiency and low emissions operation • Neat methanol combustion is soot-free Direct Injection and Compression Ignition Me. OH op. • Dual fuel with direct injected diesel and port injected alcohols is established but lead to high emissions • Wärtsiläs concept with double late direct injected dual fuel is functional and associated with reduced emissions PPC • High efficiency, low emissions and high load op. Fuel flexible. • Still some immaturities as research concept: Low load - cold start issues, high combustion noise • PPC-Me. OH is possible 5 Lund University / Martin Tunér / Methanol Engine Advancement for Sustainable Transport Symposium / 2016 -02 -23

Observations & Research opportunities • Late direct injection reduces formaldehyde and formic acid emissions – Something to pursue further in SI, DICI and PPC • PPC-Me. OH is possible – but needs much more research: is 60% gross efficiency within reach? • Methanol has high sensitivity and high heat of vaporization – Is this combination a key feature in managing both high and low loads in compression ignition of neat methanol (for instance PPC)? 6 Lund University / Martin Tunér / Methanol Engine Advancement for Sustainable Transport Symposium / 2016 -02 -23