WRITING GUIDE FOR THE E C P E
- Slides: 8
WRITING GUIDE FOR THE E. C. P. E. 1) OPINION ESSAYS An opinion essay making suggestions or solving a problem is a formal piece of writing in which you offer solutions to a problem and explain the results that would follow. It is important that each body paragraph begin with a topic sentence that states the main idea of the paragraph, followed by supporting details.
General Essay Plan Paragraph 1: Introduction Paragraph 3: Main Body • statement of problem • statement that indicates essay will offer suggestions • suggestion 3 & supporting details • expected result • suggestion 4 & supporting details • expected result Paragraph 2: Main Body • suggestion 1 & supporting details • expected result • suggestion 2 & supporting details • expected result Paragraph 4: Conclusion • summarize suggestions • restate the positive effect that the suggestions will have on the problem
2) FOR & AGAINST ESSAYS
General Essay Plan: Paragraph 1: Introduction Paragraph 3: Main Body • a quotation, reference, or question that catches the reader’s attention • argument 1 against & justification/example • clear presentation of topic (without stating your opinion) Paragraph 2: Main Body • argument 1 for & justification/example • argument 2 for & justification/example • argument 2 against & justification/example Paragraph 4: Conclusion • balanced summary of the topic and/or direct or indirect presentation of writer’s opinion
3) FORMAL STYLE OF WRITING All essays are written in formal style. Formal language is characterized by: q passive voice, impersonal constructions (e. g. It is well known…, It is argued that…, Thousands of people were left homeless after the flood. ) q a range of advanced vocabulary and formal expressions (e. g. A passionate debate regarding immigration legislation…, Taking everything into consideration, it can be said that hotel facilities have improved over the past decade. ) q longer and complex sentences (e. g. It is often argued that censorship is needed to prevent the broadcast and publication of obscene material considered offensive to public morals. ) q inversion, especially in conditionals (e. g. Were this to be true, it would…, At no time has there been a more detailed…) q formal linking words/phrases (i. e. However, Nevertheless, In addition, Consequently, etc. )
Formal language does NOT include: q short forms (e. g. They’re, It’s, He isn’t, I don’t, We haven’t, etc. ) unless part of a quotation q colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs (e. g. what’s up, carry out, etc. ) q simplistic vocabulary and description of feelings (e. g. The government officials say they think it will be bad…) q overuse of simple linking words (e. g. and , so, but)
4) LINKING WORDS / PHRASES In formal essays it is essential (in other words, obligatory) to use connectors/linking words in the Main Body and in the Conclusion. a) Useful expressions/linkers for introductions: Evidently… Clearly… Obviously… Certainly… By and large… In general… Generally… Nowadays… b) Useful expressions/linkers for Main Body paragraphs: To list points: First of all, … Firstly, … In the first place, … To begin with, … Second of all, … Secondly, … Thirdly, … Finally, … Lastly, … To list arguments for or against: One point/argument in favor of/against… It could be argued that… One advantage/disadvantage of… is… Some/Many/Experts/Scientists/Skeptics/Critics claim/suggest that…, oppose the view that…, are convinced that… It is often/widely/generally claimed/suggested/argued/felt/held/maintained/believed that… To add more points: In addition, … Moreover, … Furthermore, … Apart from… Not only… but also… There is another side to the issue/question/argument of… Not to mention the fact that… It is also argued that… Another point/argument in favor of… Additionally, … What is more, …
To contrast: On the other hand/However/Nonetheless/Even so/Yet it may be said/claimed/argued that… others/many people oppose this… many claim/feel/believe this argument is incorrect/misguided… Although/Whilst/Whereas/Regardless of the fact that… The fact that… contradicts the belief/idea that… While it is true that…, in fact… While/Although…, it cannot be denied that… To introduce examples: For example/instance, … In particular, … Particularly, … …especially… …such as… This is (clearly) illustrated/shown by the fact that… One/A clear/striking/typical example of (this)… In other words, … To emphasize: Clearly, … Naturally, … Of course, … Needless to say, … Indeed, … In fact, … …especially… To elaborate: That is to say… In other words, … This means that… To give reasons: The reason for this is…. One reason is… To make a partially correct statement: To a certain extent/degree, … To some extent/degree, … In a sense, … This is partly true (but)… There is some truth in (this)… In some cases, … To a great extent, … To indicate result: As a result, … Consequently, … Therefore, … Thus, … Accordingly, … In turn, … c) Useful expressions/linkers for conclusions: In conclusion, … To conclude, … All in all, … All things considered, … Taking everything into account, … In short, … To sum up, … In the end, …
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