World War One World War One Many factors

World War One

World War One Many factors contributed to the outbreak of WW 1 Nationalism: a strong sense of pride and loyalty to one’s nation or culture, created tension between nations Austria-Hungary included people from many cultural groups Slavic nationalists wanted to break away from Austria. Hungary and join the independent Salvic country of Serbia

Imperialism Nations competed for control of territories both in Europe and overseas Germany took the Alsace-Lorraine region from France in 1871, and France wanted it back

Militarism Nations focused resources on militarism, the aggressive strengthening of armed forces Race to build armies and navies Made alliances to protect themselves

The Great Powers

The great powers In 1914, Europe was dominated by Germany, Britain, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary Britain and France had large overseas Empires Germany had grown in strength and ambition Alliances were formed to prevent war (Triple Alliance, & Triple Entente) Prussia (Germany) had defeated France in 1870 and feared revenge from France feared a further attack by a stronger Germany

Why was Colonial Rivalry Significant? Germany was jealous of France and especially Great Britain. Colonial rivalry heightened tension between the Great Powers in Europe. Most of the world had been discovered by 1900 – Germany would have to fight other Great Powers if it wanted more land. Germany wanted her “place in the sun” – this heightened tension with Great Britain and France. It made it inevitable that any future war between the Great Powers would become a world conflict.

The road to war Rivalry France between Germany & Growing rivalry between Britain and Germany Attitude Rivalry powers Naval of Kaiser Wilhelm I between industrial arms race Serbian Independence Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Sarajevo, 28 th June

The spark that lit the fuse…. Assassination of an Austrian Archduke by a Serbian Austria demanded Serbia take responsibility Declared war on Serbia on 28 July Serbia called on Russia for help. Russians moved their armies to face the Austrians (31 st July) Germany saw this as a threat to Austria and declared war on Russia (1 st August) France prepared to help its ally, Russia Germany declared war on France (3 rd August)

Germany Attacks Belgium, 4 August 1914

Armies of 1914 What can we see in these pictures? What do you think these men are thinking/feeling?

Pulled into Fighting Allied Powers Central Powers Russia, an ally of Serbia Austria-Hungary France, an ally of Russia Belgium, brought into the fighting because Germany marched through it to get to France Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary Great Britain, an ally of Belgium

Early Battles

Technology of War Trench warfare: fighting from deep ditches, made the war long and deadly Cold, wet, and muddy Disease ran rampant Machine guns Poison gas Tanks Page 722 -723

Technology of War Airplanes use in large scale battle for the first time Fired down on soldiers in the trenches Gathered information on enemy locations Battled each other in the air in “dogfights” Sea Used naval blockades and mines to block supply lines U-Boats, German submarines, launched torpedoes against Allied supply ships http: //youtu. be/SUCaqpt. Nq. KM

Preparing for War U. S. was initially neutral We viewed WWI as a European conflict We continued to trade with EU nations Carried supplies and war materials to the Allies Germany used U-boats to try to stop the supply lines Often attacked without warning http: //youtu. be/9 G 8 i. U 1 KOjsg

Germans attack American vessels March 1916: U-boat attacks French passenger ship the Sussex President Wilson and America were angry Germans pledged not to attack without warning A year later, Germans began attacking without warning Wilson responds by breaking off diplomatic relations with Germany

Congress Declares War March 1917: the Zimmerman note is decoded German and Mexican plot to ally against the U. S. April 1917: Congress declares war on Germany http: //youtu. be/0 RDB 0 JYWy. KI

America Prepares for War Committee on public information is formed to help persuade the public to support the war Rallies Parades Posters Pamphlets Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 Restricted free speech and allowed the gov’t to arrest opponents of the war

Troops 1917: Selective Service Act required men between 2130 to register for the draft Almost 3 million Americans were drafted Liberty Bonds were issued to help finance the war effort War Industries Board and Food Administration worked to supply the troops with materials and food supplies

Labor Shortages Three factors led to shortages of labor in the U. S. 1. Factories were working non-stop to supply the war effort and factories needed more workers 2. The war almost completely cut off immigration 3. Many young men were off fighting in Europe

Women’s War Efforts 1 million women joined the workforce About 25, 000 volunteered to serve in non-combat positions in Europe Other women protested America’s participation in the war

Labor and the War Mexican Americans and African Americans moved to northern industrial cities for job opportunities Union membership increased Workers were able to demand higher wages National War Labor Board: help management and workers reach agreements Settled more than 1000 labor disputes Worked to prevent strikes

A popular war….

You’re recruiting! TASK: To design a recruitment poster to encourage men of your country to go to war. Write a paragraph explaining your poster Things to Think About: Pictures are better than words Who are you appealing to? Why should we fight? Who are the enemy? In 1914, there was huge support for the war. “Over by Christmas” “Good v Evil” “King & Country”

Christmas Truce of 1914 http: //youtu. be/s 9 co. Pz. Dx 6 t. A

Americans Join the War 1917: U. S. troops arrive – Separate from other Allied units Called the American Expeditionary Force Led by General John J. Pershing Thoroughly trained for combat Regular army, volunteers, draftees, Nat’l guard

Russia Leaves the War 1917: Bolsheviks overthrow the Russian gov’t Communists: People who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property

New Government Led by Vladimir Lenin Knew the war had reached a desperate point 8 million Russians had been killed Soldiers were deserting Food riots raged in cities March 1918: Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers taking it out of the war

Americans help the Allies Russia out—Germany planned to smash the stalemate Germans were unprepared for the fresh, well trained American forces 1918: Germans attempt to cross the Marne Terrible losses forced them to stop American forces helped to turn the tide in the war

Armistice More than 1 million American troops in France Began winning victories against Germany November 1918: Americans advancing toward Germany Germans were tired of the war Food shortages Riots and strikes Shortage of soldiers

Germany Defeated Germany’s allies eager to end the war Austria-Hungary reaches a peace accord with the Allies in Nov. 1918 German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II flees November 11, 1918: Germany agrees to an armistice or truce

Costs of War Allies: 5 million dead 116, 000 American’s dead, 200, 000 wounded Central Powers: 3. 5 million dead Russia and Germany had the highest death tolls

Financial Losses 30 billion in property destroyed Factories and farms throughout Europe ruined Allies: spent 145 billion Central Powers: 63 billion Result: European nations deeply in debt

Influenza Epidemic 1918: spread by American Soldiers – worldwide Contagious, deadly, spread by air, no cure 30 million people died 800, 000 American’s died Changed life in the U. S. Quarantines were implemented in some states Many cities banned public gatherings, including schools http: //youtu. be/rb. Yw. NOc. Kqqc

Peace Woodrow Wilson develops plans for a post war peace agreement Known as the Fourteen Points Called for the creation of a League of Nations European leaders wanted to punish Germany Wanted to prevent Germany from ever again becoming a world power

Key Goals of the Fourteen Points End secret alliances Encourage free shipping Remove barriers to trade Reduce armies and navies Resolve colonial claims Support the right of people to choose their own government Settle boarder disputes Establish the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles American and European leaders meet outside of Paris at the Palace of Versailles No representatives from Russia or the Central Powers Allied leaders demand that Germany 1. Accept blame for the war 2. Make reparations or payments for war damages 3. Give up large parts of its territory http: //youtu. be/g. Kz. Z 1 Ow. PXgk

Senate Rejects the Treaty of Versailles U. S. Constitution says that treaties must be ratified by 2/3 of the Senate Lots of the usual party bickering Senator Lodge wanted the winners to set the terms of the treaty Republicans were worried about the League of Nations power U. S. signs separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary

Remembering World War I https: //youtu. be/p_m. BJgsaxl. Y