WORLD WAR ONE The European War Causes of

WORLD WAR ONE The European War

Causes of WWI w Imperialism-contest for colonies w Nationalism- compositeness between nations and different ethnic groups w Militarism- development of armed forces and their use for diplomacy w Secret Alliances

What was the SPARK?

SPARK w Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria -Hungary w Killed by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip

Taking Sides w Allied Powers – – Great Britain France Russia Serbia Eventually the U. S. entered on the Allied side w Central Powers – Germany – Austria-Hungary – Ottoman Empire

New Weapons to WWI w w w Baron von Richthofen Tank Submarine Airplane Machine Gun Chemical Weapons – Mustard Gas

Trench Warfare w w “Over the top” “No man’s land "Shell Shock" "The Lost Generation"

What caused America to join the Allied side?

British used propaganda to convince Americans that Germany committed evil war atrocities, like raping women and killing children in Belgium

American Economic Interests – British blockade did not hurt U. S. trade – Br. /Fr. $824 mil. in 1914 to $3. 2 bil. in 1916 – Bankers loaned the Allies 3 billion dollars – Ger. $169 mil. in 1914 to $1 mil. in 1916 w the U. S. prospered

U. S. Neutrality in WWI w Wilson issued a “Proclamation of Neutrality” w "There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight; there is such a thing as a nation being so right that it does not need to convince others by force that it is right. "--Speech in Philadelphia, May 10, 1915

Central Powers protest trade w Technically trade did not violate international neutrality laws w Germany free to trade with the US, but cannot b/c of the British Navy's blockade w 500, 000 Germans die of starvation

Submarine – U-Boat w German advantage w disrupted allied trade w angered the U. S. w Unterseeboot, which means "undersea boat

Lusitania w British passenger liner, was sunk off coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915 w 1, 198 lives lost including 128 Americans w carrying 4, 200 cases of small-arms ammunition, a fact that the Germans used for sinking the ship w Germany refused to apologize; Uboat commander glorified in Germany. w Significance: American public opinion turned against Germany; perhaps beginning of U. S. road to entry into the war w In response, Wilson attempted to sternly warn Germans against further aggression Only 6/48 Lifeboats lowered

Many popular magazines ran photographs of the medal, and it was falsely claimed that it had been awarded to the crew of the U-boat A fabricated story was circulated that in some regions of Germany, schoolchildren were given a holiday to celebrate the sinking of the Lusitania

Sussex Pledge w March 1916, Germany torpedoed a French passenger steamer, the Sussex – Ship damaged but not sunk; 80 casualties including four Americans – Wilson told Germany that unless they stopped sinking merchant ships without warning, he would break diplomatic relations--a prelude to war – Germany’s response: • Reluctantly, agreed not to sink passenger & merchant ships without warning. • However, U. S. would have to persuade the Allies to modify what Germany saw as an illegal blockade. • Thus, Wilson’s diplomatic victory precarious as Germany could renounce its agreement at any time if the blockade continued to inflict damage on her.

1916 Election w Woodrow Wilson: He kept us out of war!

#1 Cause of War: Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 w All ships would be sunk including American ships w Used their Sussex pledge to justify policy as U. S. had not persuaded Allies to stop "illegal" blockade. w Germans believed U. S. would enter the war too late.

U. S. Entrance in WWIZimmermann Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram • Intercepted by British intelligence • German plot to draw Mexico into war against the U. S. • Pledged to return lost territory from the Mexican American War if attacked the US

U. S. Declares War – April 6, 1917

Wilson’s War Message to Congress (part 1 of 2)

w American Idealism – “the war to end all wars” – “the world must be made safe for democracy” w War Goal: enter the war to be in the position to negotiate a just peace

How did the US hope to control the peace process after the war?

Wilson’s Fourteen Points of Peace 1. open diplomacy 2. freedom of the seas 3. free trade 4. arms reduction 5. self-determination 6 -13. change of Europe’s boundaries 14. League of Nationsbody of collective security Goal: To make the Great War “the war to end all wars”

Debate w “The United States entered the First World War not ‘to make the world safe for democracy’, as President Wilson claimed, but to safeguard American economic interests. ”

“The US entered WWI to protect US economic interests” $ Democracy w Nye Committee w War a global imperialist fight to extend capitalism, SPAM w Imperialism w w Socialist, Eugene Debs w w Red Scare, Communism in Russia w w Need to prevent dissent during the war, Espionage and Sedition Acts w w Need to have a draft, propaganda w w w Zinn Reading and all the documents- John Reed- Whose War? And Eugene Debs Anti-War Speech Wilson’s 14 points Moral Diplomacy Unrestricted U-Boat warfare Freedom of the seas, violation of international law Make the world safe democracy German war atrocities Zimmerman Telegram

The Home Front

U. S. Home Front – The Draft w Americans did not rush to enlist w First 6 weeks, need 1, 000, 73, 000 volunteered w Congress voted for a draft w Selective Service Act, 1917 w All men between the ages of 21 and 31 to register for military service w 3 million men were drafted w 300, 000 men evaded the draft w 4, 000 men were conscientious objectors

U. S. Home Front – AEF w American Expeditionary Force (AEF) w Newly raised army to be sent to Europe w led by General John J. Pershing

U. S. Home Front w Paying for the War – 1/3 by taxes – 2/3 by loans/bonds • Liberty Loans encouraged public support for the war

U. S. Home Front -- Bonds

U. S. Home Front -- Bonds

U. S. Home Front -- Bonds

U. S. Home Front -- Bonds

U. S. Home Front -- Bonds

Home Front Economic Regulation Centralized Planning, Socialism? – – Fuel Administration Railroad War Board War Industries Board Food Administration

War Industries Board w Bernard Baruch w Purpose: to coordinate the mobilization of American industry w Activities: – allocated scarce resources – controlled raw materials – converted factories – set prices – forced businesses to comply

Food Administration w Herbert Hoover w purpose: to increase food production and to conserve food w slogans – “Serve Just Enough” – “Wheatless Mondays” – “Meatless Tuesdays” – “Don’t Waste It”

Food Administration

Food Administration

Food Administration

How did the Great War open up opportunities for minorities? Great Black Migration w Thousands of African Americans in the South migrated northern cities, like Chicago, to work in war-related factories w Effect: Race riots occurred in 26 cities w W. E. B. Du Bois supported the war effort and hoped a victory would improve life for blacks in a democracy. w Led to the New Negro of the 1920’s and the Harlem Renaissance

True Sons of Freedom

Women w Militant Suffragists picket the White House and arrested, led by Alice Paul, free speech issues w Many women work in newly emerging factory jobs w After war, get the vote and the flapper is born

The Red Cross - Greatest Mother in the World

Enforcing Loyalty w Committee on Public Information w Propaganda w George Creel w purpose: to create public support for the war w Sponsored 75, 000 speakers, who gave 750, 000 4 minutes speeches in 5, 000 cities to educated the public

How were Germans portrayed in propaganda? The “Mad Brute”

Beat Back the “Hun”

The “Menace of the Seas”

Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans Espionage Act – 1917 - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military. - ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail. - fines of up to $10, 000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.

Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans Sedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt. , the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.

Espionage and Sedition Acts w purpose: to arrest people for writing or speaking negative about the War and the government w violated the 1 st Amend. w resulted in 1, 900 prosecutions w arrested socialist, Eugene Debs and IWW Big Bill Haywood arrested

w decision protected the 1 st Amendment during peacetime but not during wartime w significance: it created the principle of “clear and present danger” w Yelling fire in a crowded movie theatre analogy

Armistice Day – Nov. 11, 1918 w Celebrated today as Veteran's Day

Influenza Epidemic (Spanish Flu) w the flu killed more American soldiers than did the actual fighting w the flu killed over 70 million people throughout the world

Why was the Treaty of Versailles not ratified in the US?

Wilson’s Fourteen Points of Peace 1. open diplomacy 2. freedom of the seas 3. free trade 4. arms reduction 5. self-determination 6 -13. change of Europe’s boundaries 14. League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles The Big Four 1. Wilson--U. S. 2. Prime Minister David Lloyd George, GB 3. Premier Clemenceau, France 4. Prime Minister Orlando, Italy

Change w Wilson’s 14 points dramatically altered into the Treaty of Versailles w Most of the 14 points ignored, except for the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles w Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war w Germany had to pay $33 billion in reparations w Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force w Germany lost Territory w Germans felt betrayed, surrendered under the pretense of the 14 Points w PUNISHED GERMANY

How did the Versailles Treaty led to WWII? w Versailles very punitive to Germany – Affected their sense of pride – Forced to sign ‘war guilt’ clause w Economic collapse opened door for extremists – – – Germany = Hitler (fascist) Italy = Mussolini (fascist) Japan = militarists (fascist) Spain = Franco (fascist) USSR = Stalin (communist)

Wilson loses Congress at home. w Wilson’s post-war popularity in the world unprecedented -- President seen as a savior by millions in Europe w Rep. victory in Cong. election of 1918 1. Wilson broke the bipartisan truce held during the war to appeal for a Dem. victory in the 1918 Cong. elections. 2. Move backfired; Rep. regained their majority w Wilson infuriated Rep. by personally going to the Paris peace conference. 1. Before, no prez had traveled to Europe. 2. Rep. Senators excluded in the peace delegation.

U. S. Opposition to the Treaty w irreconcilables – never would accept the treaty, led by William Borah and Hiram Johnson, isolationists w reservationsists – accept treaty with revisions, led by Henry Cabot Lodge w Reserv. complained Article X of the treaty could drag the U. S. into war and preserve Monroe Doctrine

Wilson’s speaking tour, Fall of 1919 w Wilson feared modification to Treaty would encourage Europeans to amend the League out of existence. w Wilson decided to appeal over the heads of the Senate to the people by going on an ambitious speechmaking tour w "Irreconcilable" Senators followed him w Wilson had a stroke

w "Better a thousand times to go down fighting than to dip your colors to dishonorable compromise. “ w -Wilson to his wife, 1919

w Americans initially favored Versailles Treaty with the League of Nations. w 4/5 of senators favored the treaty, with or without, reservations. w Wilson ordered Democrats to vote against treaty with Lodge Reservations attached. w U. S. Senate rejected the Treaty twice

Results w Rise of isolationism w Tired of progressive reform and idealism, led to Harding's return to "Normalcy" and the Roaring 20's w Separate peace negotiated with Germany on July 25, 1921 w U. S became world's economic & political leader w Russian Revolution instituted communism w Germany devastated by treaty, led to the rise of Hitler and WW II

The 1920 Election

Congressman Victor Berger (WI) You got nothing out of the war except the flu and Prohibition.

HW: Treaty of Versailles DBQ w Make a T chart (Wilson or opposition forces) and sort each document with a bullet point explaining how the document answers the question w Write a fully developed paragraph, ¾ a page, using 2 documents plus outside information, answering part of the prompt

w. Evaluate the effectiveness of Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform at the national level. In your answer be sure to analyze the successes and limitations of these efforts in the period 1900 -1920.

w“The 1920’s were a traditional, culturally conservative decade in the U. S. ” w -Assess the validity of this statement

w. Analyze how Franklin Roosevelt’s administration changed the role of the federal government in response to the Great Depression. 1929 -1941

Costs of the War – Central Powers w Military Deaths – Germany 1, 806, 000 – Aust. -Hun. 1, 200, 000 – total # 3, 006, 000 w approximately $60 billion spent on WWI

Costs of the War – Allied Powers w Military Deaths – – – U. S. G. B. France Italy Russia total # 116, 000 947, 000 1, 385, 000 460, 000 1, 700, 000 4, 608, 000 w approximately $117 billion spent on WWI

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The Yanks Are Coming!

Yes w What would Big Bill Haywood, Eugene Debs, Helen Keller, Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman say about this war?

From 1995 w Assess the relative influence of THREE of the following in the American decision to declare war on Germany in 1917. w German naval policy w American economic interests w Woodrow Wilson’s idealism w Allied Propaganda w America’s claim to world power

From 1989 w “The United States entered the First World War not ‘ to make the world safe for democracy’, as President Wilson claimed, but to safeguard American economic interests. ” w Assess the validity of this statement.

Americans in the Trenches

U. S. Home Front – The Draft

U. S. Home Front – The Draft

U. S. Home Front – The Draft

U. S. Home Front – The Draft

War Industries Board

U. S. Food Administration

For “Colored” Men in Service

African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for France

“Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in Chicago”, 1919