World War Looms Nationalism in Europe w European

World War Looms

Nationalism in Europe w European nations had not recovered from the damage of WWI or the depression

Nationalism in Europe w The rise of nationalism gave rise to powerful dictators

Nationalism in Europe w the Treaty of Versailles just made European countries more hostile toward one another

Lenin Dies - 1924 w Vladimir Lenin ruled Russia since the Russian Revolution w When he died, Stalin was prepared to take his place Lenin today

Joseph Stalin w Wanted to build socialism in a single country - USSR

USSR Under Stalin w In 1928, Stalin ordered the first of his Five Year Plans w The government controlled all industrial and agricultural resources and production

USSR Under Stalin w Collectivization = all land belonged to the government

USSR Under Stalin w Collectivization was meant to intimidate the peasant majority, the Kulaks "We kolkhoz farmers are liquidating the kulaks as a class, on the basis of complete collectivization. "

USSR Under Stalin w The first Five Year Plan helped make the USSR an industrial power

USSR Under Stalin w Stalin enforced obedience using the secret police w The disloyal were sent to Siberia or shot Stalin today

USSR Under Stalin w 8 -13 million were killed w In 1936, Stalin began the purges

Fascism w Fascism is a system of government that glorifies a nation or race above the individual w It uses secret police, violence, propaganda and censorship to suppress political opposition w Like Communism, it is a totalitarian form of government

Fascism in Italy w Italians fought with good guys in WWI, but didn’t get any rewards w Country in shambles

Fascism in Italy w Conditions were perfect for Benito Mussolini

Fascism in Italy w Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in 1919 w The nation would advance at all costs w War and conquests were glorified to achieve the goals

Fascism in Italy w Mussolini’s followers, the Blackshirts, physically attacked their opponents as their party grew

Fascism in Italy w the Blackshirts used brutal tactics to ensure a Fascist victory. w Mussolini called himself Il Duce, the leader.

Fascism in Italy w Mussolini re-organized the Italian government into a corporate state.

Fascism in Italy w Mussolini built up the military & encouraged patriotism & nationalism. w He reminded Italians of their former greatness during Ancient Rome.

Germany w The Treaty of Versailles was devoted to make sure Germany never rose to power again. w In 1919, Germans elected delegates to the national assembly

Weimar Republic w Delegates drew up a constitution that stayed in place from 1919 to 1933 w It was called the Weimar Republic

Germany was politically and economically devastated after WWI

Germany w German money, the mark, lost value as the government printed more and more currency

Germany w Before the war 1914 – $1 = 4 marks w After the war 1919 – $1 = 16. 5 marks w 1923 – $1 =4. 2 trillion marks

Germany w 10 Million Marks would buy: – 1/2 lb. of meat or 4 eggs or 2 lbs. of potatoes – Bread was 2 million marks per loaf

Germany w In addition, Germany owed $35 billion in reparations. w In 1922, Germany announced that it could not pay w France invaded Germany and took over the Ruhr area

Germany w The National Socialist Workers’ Party challenged the Weimar Republic

Adolf Hitler was one of the party’s first recruits. w He joined the Nazi party and settled in Munich w Soon, he formed the Brownshirts

Adolf Hitler w Hitler tried to start a revolution in 1923, but was unsuccessful and he was arrested. w In prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, My Struggle. – Germany not responsible for their situation and losing the war – Jews and Communists responsible – Germans, Aryans, were the master race who were destined to rule the world

Mein Kampf w Hitler saw himself as the ruler of the Aryans.

Hitler’s Rise to Power w The people were looking for answers, and someone to blame for their post-war problems w Hitler blamed the Jews for the Depression and most of Germany’s problems w In the 1932 election, the Nazis won big, taking 228 seats w The Nazis were the largest group in the Reichstag, the German Parliament

Hitler’s Rise w The following year, 1933, Hitler becomes chancellor w Enabling Act gave Hitler “temporary” absolute authority

Hitler’s Power w To ensure generations of “good Nazis” all Aryan children were required to become members of the Hitler Youth

Hitler’s Power w Children were so brainwashed, they turned in their own parents.

Hitler’s Power w The most venomous attacks were against the Jews w Nuremberg Laws: Jews were deprived of citizenship, banned from public office, and forced to wear yellow The God Killers stars.

Kristallnacht w Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) in 1938, Jewish owned buildings and businesses were destroyed while police stood by doing nothing to stop the vandalism.

Kristallnacht w Hitler’s secret police, the SS, attacked and arrested Jews and other non-Aryan people w Jewish businesses burned

Hitler’s Power w Then Hitler started rounding up Jews and others and putting them in ghettos and concentration camps

Hitler’s Third Reich w Hitler took the title, der Führer, the leader. w He said it would last 1, 000 years Stop

Militarism in Japan w Japan builds its navy, it became 3 rd largest in world w Japan was bitter towards western nations

Militarism in Japan w In 1937, they invaded Manchuria, in China w Japan wanted to rule all of Asia

Militarism in Japan

America’s Response w America = isolationist because: – Sen. Nye said USA’s entrance into WWI = benefitted bankers and arms dealers

America’s Response w Congress passed Neutrality Acts – No gun sales and loans to countries at war

America’s Response w After Japan invades China, we break Neutrality Acts, but only because there was no formal declaration of war w We send guns to China w We also boycott the sale of steel, aluminum, and petroleum to Japan

War in Europe

Hitler Invades w 1936 – Hitler sends German troops to occupy the Rhineland

Hitler Invades w 1938 – Hitler invades and annexes Austria

Hitler Invades w 1938 – Hitler invades Austria and Czechoslovakia to create “one German/Aryan empire”

Hitler Invades w Wanted to give Germans additional room to grow

Hitler Invades w British PM Neville Chamberlain met with Chamberlain Hitler said “no and Hitler more invasions” and Chamberlain believed him. Signed a pact (Munich Agreement) legally giving Czech to Hitler APPEASEMENT

Hitler Invades w Hitler claimed that Germans in Poland were being mistreated w Most thought Hitler would not invade Poland because of the Soviet Union

Hitler Invades w Hitler and Stalin had signed a non-aggression pact in August 1939

BLITZKREIG w Sept 1, 1939, Hitler’s troops invaded Poland w German tanks, planes, and troops invaded with ‘lightning’ speed w Poland fell in 3 weeks w France and Britain declared war on Germany

Maginot Line w Fearing a German attack, France had built a fortified wall of protection w Nazi troops avoided the Maginot Line by invading Belgium

Allies at Dunkirk – Hitler Mistake #1 w The Germans trapped almost 400, 000 British and French soldiers on the beach at Dunkirk

Allies at Dunkirk – Hitler Mistake #1 w German tank corps had them trapped, but Hitler didn’t give the order to wipe them out w Everything that could float was sent to rescue the soldiers w Within a week, most soldiers saved, Hitler didn’t attack, blew his chance

France Invaded w Italy and Mussolini joined the war with Germany, invading southern France w On June 22, 1940 Hitler gave France his terms of surrender

Battle of Britain – Hitler Mistake #2 w 1944 – Germany assembled their naval power to blockade G. B. , and attacked Britain from the air – the “Blitz”

Battle of Britain – Hitler Mistake #2 w People hid in the tube during the bombing raids

Battle of Britain w Prime Minister Winston Churchill unified the British

America Moves Toward War

America Stays Neutral w 1940 - Italy, Germany and Japan sign Tripartite Pact, becoming the Axis Powers

Election of 1940 w FDR chose to breaks with tradition and runs for a 3 rd term

FDR Wins Again FDR won by a smaller margin, (55%), than in 1932 and 1936.

1940 Election Results Electoral Vote/Popular Vote

Lend Lease Act

Atlantic Charter w FDR met with Churchill on a ship off Newfoundland drew up a document that detailed the objective – solidifies a formal alliance centered on trade – no territorial expansion – free trade – self determination of all people – called for a League of Nations type of organization

Shoot-on-Sight w When the American destroyer, Greer, was attacked, FDR ordered the navy to attack all German ships

Japan w When Japan invaded French Indochina in 1941, FDR froze all Japanese assets in the US and continued to deny access to US oil & steel

Japan w The new Japanese ruler, Gen. Hideki Tojo, made a final attempt to negotiate access to oil – it failed

Japan w The US had learned how to decipher Japanese secret codes w We knew of an impending attack in the Pacific and warned bases w Dec. 6, 1941 – Japan rejected all peace attempts w Dec. 7, 1941 – Japan attacked Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor w Just before 8 AM the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor Naval Station

Pearl Harbor w America’s Pacific Fleet was anchored there w Bombs and torpedoes turned Pearl Harbor into an inferno

Pearl Harbor w About 2, 400 sailors were dead, 1, 103 went down with the sunken USS Arizona

Pearl Harbor w Pres. Roosevelt addresses America calling the event, “a day that will live in infamy. ”

America Declares War w Congress declared war on the Japanese Empire. w Honoring their agreement, Germany and Italy declared war on the US 3 days later FDR signs declaration of war