WORLD WAR II WWI Peace Treaty Fails Did

WORLD WAR II

WWI Peace Treaty Fails � � Did not create a just and secure peace as hoped Germans saw nothing fair in treaty

A Weak League Of Nations

Joseph Stalin � � � 1917: Russian Revolution: Czar Nicholas out, Stalin in began an agricultural and industrial restructuring 5 year plan: a campaign to build massive stateowned factories, steel mills, and power plants. Became a vast police state Totalitarian govt

Benito Mussolini � � establishing a totalitarian regime in Italy 1921 established Fascist party: a new political movements that consisted of a strong, centralized government headed by a powerful dictator, state comes first and individual liberty is secondary Arises in a time of crisis promising to revive an earlier era of glory young men wearing black shirts provided security

� � Adolf Hitler been a jobless soldier drifting around Ger, joined struggling group called National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party), soon became leader Mein Kampf dreamed of uniting all Ger speaking people in a great Ger empire GD helped the Nazis come power

Militarists and Japan � � Nationalist military leaders in Jap wanted control of their govt, wanted more living space for a growing population, ignoring protests of more moderate Jap officials, General Hideki Tojo became Prime Minister the militarists launched a surprise invasion of the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931, Jap troops controlled the entire province Success of Manchurian invasion put the militarists firmly in control of Jap govt

League Of Nations � � � intended to serve as an instrument of international law, could impose boycotts and other economic sanctions, weak organization (partly b/c US was not a member) failed to respond to Japan’s challenges

Hitler’s first steps � � � 1933 Hitler took Ger out of League of Nations 1935 Began Military buildup in violation of Versailles treaty (L of N did nothing in response) 1936 sent troops to Rhineland http: //www. bbc. co. uk/scotland/education/bitesi ze/higher/img/history/roadwar/rhineland. gif Signed the Berlin Axis Pact

Mussolini’s first steps � � began building a new Roman Empire First target Ethiopia, Africa’s only remaining independent country Emperor Haile Selassie

US Response � � � US believed should not get involved, joined 61 other nations in signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact in which they pledged never to make war again Antiwar feeling became all the rage FDR kept up US policy of isolationism Good Neighbor Policy Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act Neutrality Acts

Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937 5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: § § § Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations. Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations. Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I]. § Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-andcarry” basis pay when goods are picked up. § Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. 5 5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis. America in the 1930 s declined to build up its forces!

Hitler’s New Empire � Looked to Austria and Czechoslovakia � http: //www. wwnorton. com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/map 36 wii. jpg � � Austria: Hitler bullied Schuschnigg into signing an agreement to bring Austrian Nazis into his govt Czech: Sudetenland housed 3 million Ger speaking people which was broke up after WWI; ), Hitler charged that Czechs were abusing Sudeten Ger and he began massing troops on Czech border http: //www. bbc. co. uk/scotland/education/bitesize/higher/img/history/roadwar/rhineland. gif Hitler claimed that Sudetenland would be his last conquest

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 British Prime Minister: Neville Chamberlain Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov

Hitler’s New Empire � � � policy of appeasement Hitler then has eyes set on Poland nonaggression pact Sept 1, 1939 Ger invaded Pol using Blitzkrieg BR and Fr declared war on Ger Sept 3

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

Phony War � � Maginot Line Siegfried Line Ger called this warfare sitzkrieg (sitting war) and GB called it Phony war. Soviet Union first broke peace

European Theater of Operations

France and Britain � � � Fr set up fortifications on Maginot Line and Ger was about to pass with the invasion of Belgium, GB troops were eventually sent back across the channel, Italy entered into the war on the side of Ger and invaded Fr from the south as the Ger closed in on Paris from the north, Hitler handed Fr officers his terms to surrender, turned Fr into a Nazi control puppet govt headed by Petain. Charles de Gaulle (Fr general) fled to England

France Surrenders June, 1940

The French Resistance The French General Charles De. Gaulle The Maquis

Now Britain Is All Alone!

Battle of Britain � � � Germany felt their victory over England was only a matter of time. Ger launched an air war as well as a naval battle, b/c their navy could not compete with GB navy. Luftwaffe v. Br Royal Air Force

Battle of Britain: The “Blitz”

The London “Tube”: Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz

The Holocaust � � � � April 4, 1933, Hitler orders all “non-Aryans” to be removed from government jobs. Many Ger looking for a scapegoat Nuremberg Laws Identification of Jews Kristallnacht Other countries did not want the massive amount of Jews either. St. Louis

Final Solution � � Jews healthy enough to work were sent to labor camps to perform slave labor, rest sent to extermination camps, This became known as GENOCIDE Final Solution rested on their belief that “Aryans” were a superior people and that the strength and purity of this “master race” must be preserved. “special treatment” centers

Concentration Camps � � � began implementing final solution in Poland, Nazis murder squads were assigned to round up Jews, strip them of their clothing and shoot them in cold blood, Jews were herded to ghettos(Jewish sections) to live

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed Entrance to Auschwitz: Work Makes You Free Crematoria at Majdanek

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed Eli Wiesel Slave Labor at Buchenwald

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen

Extermination � � Ger built six death camps in Poland Auschwitz: Bodies were buried in large pits Prisoners were also shot, hanged, or injected with poison. Camp doctors would perform experiments on some victims

US gathering Force � � � Sept 8, 1939 FDR announced that he was calling a special session of Congress to revise the Neutrality Acts. cash-and-carry Neutrality Act of 1939 Tripartite Pact (Known as Axis powers) 1940 Congress passed first peacetime draft lend and lease

1939 Neutrality Act 5 5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland. FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way: § The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis. § FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter. 5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act: § Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions. § The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937 -38 recession. 5 America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy. ”

U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941 � � Great Britain. . . 31 billion Soviet Union. . . $11 billion France…. . . $3 billion China. . . $1. 5 billion Other European…$500 million South America. . $400 million The amount totaled: $48, 601, 365, 000

Hitler invades SU � � � June 22, 1941 Hitler ignored peace treaty with Stalin and invaded SU. SU employed scorched-earth policy FDR began sending lend-lease supplies to the SU

US meets with BR � � FDR and Churchill secretly met abroad coast of Newfoundland, Atlantic Charter, y Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August 1941. y Solidifies alliance. y Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Points. y Calls for League of Nations type organization.

Japan’s expansions � � dreamed of creating a vast colonial empire that would stretch from Manchuria and China south to Thailand Indonesia, http: //www. asiaonline. com. au/images/asia_map. gif

Only US and it’s Pacific Islands stood in the way, Hideki Tojo became Prime Minister of Jap, said he would make attempt to keep peace with Amer Nov 5, 1941 day that Tojo special “peace” envoy flew to Washington for talks, the PM ordered the Jap navy to prepare for an attack on the US Jap codes broken and knew Jap was preparing for a strike, didn’t know when/where attack was going to happen

Japan’s expansions � � late Nov FDR sent out “war warning” to military commanders in Hawaii, Guam and Philippines Dec 6, 1941 Pres received a decoded message that had been intercepted for Jap to reject all US peace proposals, FDR said this means war, Dec 7 Pearl Harbor was attacked last until about 9: 30 am, for Jap this was a stunning victory, crippling the US Pacific Fleet, FDR: radio address “day that will live in infamy” next day went to Congress asking to declare war, Congress quickly voted Yes. 3 days later Ger and Italy declared war on US

Pearl Harbor

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy!

President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War

USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Memorial 2, 887 Americans Dead!