World War II US Involvement Beginning to Peace

World War II US Involvement: Beginning to Peace

Events Leading to WWII • 1918 – Germany surrenders ending WWI • 1919 – Treaty of Versailles • 1922 – Mussolini becomes Italy’s dictator • 1923 - Hitler writes Mein Kampf • 1924 – Stalin rises to power

Events Leading to WWII • 1929 – World Wide Depression leads to rise of dictators • 1930 – Japan invades Manchuria • 1932 – Japan invades Shanghai – US condemns (Open Door Policy) but stays isolated

Events Leading to WWII • 1933 – Hitler gains power in Germany • Begins operation of Dachau • 1935 – Italy invades Ethiopia > US passes 1 st Neutrality Act • Hitler rearms the Rhineland – Axis Powers formed (Germany / Italy) – 2 nd Neutrality Act passed by the US

Events Leading to WWII • 1937 – Japan invades China > US issues 3 rd Neutrality Act • 1938 – Germany annexes Austria > Munich Pact is signed (appeasement towards Hitler) • Neville Chamberlain: 'Peace for Europe' CBC Archives

Events Leading to WWII • 1939 – Hitler invades Poland – start of WWII • 1940 – Japan joins Axis powers> US starts draft • 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor > US enters war

Allies

Allied Leaders • US : FDR / Truman / Mac. Arthur / Eisenhower • Great Britain: Winston Churchill • USSR: Josef Stalin • France: Charles de Gaulle

Axis Powers

Axis Powers Leaders • Germany: Hitler • Italy: Mussolini • Japan: Emperor Hirohito / General Tojo

Major Events in Europe • 1939: Germany invades Poland with blitzkrieg • 1940: France falls to Nazis. Battle of Britain – air raids known as the blitz • 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union – breaks the non-aggression pact

Major Events in Europe • 1942 -43: Battle of Stalingrad – turning point because Russian soldiers start marching west • 1943: Allied troops defeat Axis armies in North Africa (Called Operation Torch) • July 1943: Italy invaded by Allies

Events in Europe • June 6, 1944: Allied invasion of Normandy France. The largest such invasion in history – Over 150, 000 soldiers – Designed by General Eisenhower – Known as D-Day – Over 11, 000 casualties – August , 1944 Paris was liberated and Allies begin their push towards Germany

D-Day (Operation Overlord)

Events in Europe • December 1944: Last German offensive called Battle of the Bulge • April 12, 1945: FDR dies • April 1945: Allied troops meet at the Elbe River in Germany – Hitler commits suicide • May 8, 1945: V-E Day – Victory in Europe

Problems with Japan • The U. S. and Japan had been competing for trading rights and resources in the South Pacific. • Japan imported much of its steel and oil from the U. S. • The US cut these supplies off(Embargo) to Japan as a protest to the Japanese invasion of China- also sinking of USS Panay

Events in the Pacific • December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor • Dec 8, 1941: US declares war on Japan and enters WWII • FDR describes it as “A day that will live in infamy. ”

Pearl Harbor

Events in the Pacific • 1941 -42: Japan seizes the Philippines • Mac. Arthur vows “I shall return” • 1942: Battle of Midway • 1944 -1945: Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Events in the Pacific • US Island Hopping to main island of Japan • Truman told there would be a possiblity the US would lose 1 million troops with a land invasion of Japan • Aug 6, 1945: US drops bomb on Hiroshima (Enola Gay : Little Boy) – estimated 100, 000 killed instantly • Aug 9, 1945: Bombed dropped on Nagasaki (Fat Man) – estimated 80, 000 killed instantly

Little Boy

Distance from Ground Zero (km) Killed Injured Population 0 - 1. 0 88% 6% 30, 900 1. 0 - 2. 5 34% 29% 27, 700 2. 5 - 5. 0 11% 10% 115, 200 Total 22% 173, 800

Fat Man

Distance from Ground Zero (km) Killed Injured Population 0 -1. 0 86% 10% 31, 200 1. 0 - 2. 5 27% 37% 144, 800 2. 5 - 5. 0 2% 25% 80, 300 Total 27% 30% 256, 300

Atomic Bomb • Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Reenactment Video

World War II Diplomacy • Atlantic Charter: (1941) peace after the war (Churchill and FDR) • Casablanca: (1942) “victory on all fronts”> only unconditional surrender (Churchill and FDR) • Cairo: (1943) planning Normandy • Teheran Conference: (1943) FDR, Churchill, Stalin >invasion of Germany • Yalta: (1945) FDR, Churchill, Stalin > division of Germany • Potsdam: (1945) warning Japan to surrender to prevent utter destruction

Home front During WWII • US was an “arsenal of democracy” • Blackout drills/rations – Were afraid of attacks on the US – US was trying to adjust to a war time economy – Needed supplies for the war

Home front During WWII • War Bonds > people would support the war by giving the gov’t loans • In return you got a certificate and a promise to from gov’t to pay back loan with interest

Home front During WWII • War Production Board / War Labor Board > gov’t agencies to keep production going • Women – Found jobs > not forced to return to the home after the war – “Rosie the Riveter” – Women chose to return home after the war (Baby Boom Era)

Home front During WWII • Also found jobs in the workforce > need to keep production high for the war effort • Faced discrimination in both the North and South

Home front During WWII • Seen as spies • Executive Order 9066>100, 000 moved to internment camps • Korematsu vs. United States – SC ruled FDR had the right to contain Japanese. Americans due to national emergency of WWII and to protect national security

Results of the War • US and USSR become world powers = Cold War • Atomic Age > threat to world peace • Nuremberg Trails – 1945 & 1946 – 25 high level Nazis for “crimes against humanity (Holocaust) – 3 acquitted and 12 executed • UN – Peace keeping / human rights protection – NYC – Security Council / General Assembly – US does join

US After WWII • WW II brought the US out of the Great Depression – Several works stoppages after WW II >had to adjust to soldiers coming home and a peace time economy – As a way to help these veterans adjust to civilian life the government created the GI Bill of Rights- buying homes/$$$ college – Taft – Hartley Act > US gov’t could get a court injunction to delay a strike for 80 days if it endangered health or safety of the public

US After WW II • Election of 1948 – Truman (Democrat) vs. Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) – Truman wins in an upset – Truman’s “Fair Deal” and “New Society” • Extension of the New Deal • Established low-income housing, raised minimum wage, increased the # of people under the Social Security Act

Extension of Civil Rights and Truman • National Security Act of 1947 – – • • Form an Air Force Increased dept of Defenses’ power Joint Chief of Staff CIA Segregation and discrimination throughout the US and WWII > Jim Crow laws in the South and de facto segregation in the North Change was coming: – Jackie Robinson, 1947 > 1 st African American to play Major League Baseball – President’s Commission on Civil Rights > informs the public – Executive Order banning segregation in the military – Investigated businesses with contracts with the gov’t that practice segregation

Objectives of US After WWII • Protect US interests abroad • Avoid nuclear war • Help other nations (social and economic) • Promote democracy • Stop communist expansion (Containment) • NATO – April, 1949 > 12 nations – “an attack on one would be considered an attack on all” – Member nations would act together in common defense – Anti-communism

Policies created as part of Containment • Truman Doctrine- USA will aid any nation in Europe to stop the spread of communism. • Marshall Plan USA gives $13 B aid to Western Europe to rebuild after war, to stop the spread of communism. • Central Intelligence Agency- collects intelligence / information about other nations-Spying

US After WWII Warsaw Pact • Warsaw Pact Communist answer to NATO • Communist Answer to 8 nations NATO 1955 • 8 nations • 1955

Churchill claims people in Eastern Europe are forced to live behind an Iron Curtain

War Department becomes Defense Department

US Foreign Policy During Cold War 1946 -1991 • Containment • Stopping the spread of Communism

First Hot Spot of Cold War • Berlin 1948 - USSR closes rail and roads into Berlin. • The U. S. airlifts supplies for 321 days the USSR ends the blockade in 1949. • This would not be the last time Berlin would be a hot spot during the Cold War.

Looking for Commie Spies

Executing Spies

The Korean War 1950 -1953 • Korea was divided at the 38 th Parallel after WW 2 - North Communist- South Democratic • June 1950 - North invades South • As part of its Containment Policy the U. S. and United Nations troops attempt to Stop the spread of communism. • The goal was to keep the nation divided at the 38 th parallel, and not to involve the Chinese or Russians.

Truman Fires Mac. Arthur

• U. S. /U. N. troops push North Korean troops across the 38 th and close in on the Chinese border, causing the Chinese to attack. • Chinese troops push U. S. /U. N. troops back across 38 th and for 3 years fighting occurs around 38 th. • A truce is signed in 1953 ending the war • Communism was Contained.

Eisenhower’s Election • Elected as 1 st republican since 1928 > Nixon was his VP

Domestic Policies • Growth of Suburbs • TV Becomes popular source of entertainment • “under God” added to the pledge > importance of religion • Ending Segregtaion – Attacking “separate but equal” – Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas • Brown denied admission to an all white school> violation of 14 th adment • Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” had no place in public education • Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson

School Integration • Governor of Arkansas uses National Guard to stop integration at Little Rock High School • Eisenhower took over the National Guard (Commander-in-Chief) and allowed 9 students into high school

School Integration

More Civil Rights Events • Dec 1955 > Rosa Parks = bus integration – Martin Luther King, Jr > civil disobedience – Montgomery Bus Boycott

The Warren Court Appointed by Eisenhower, Chief Justice Earl Warren was in power during many landmark(very important) decisions in the 50’s and 60’s: Brown v. Board of Ed Miranda v. Arizona Gideon v. Wainwright Escobedo v. Illinois Tinker v. Des Moines

Foreign Policy • Continues the policy of Containment- and added the: • Eisenhower Doctrine- pledge to aid nations fighting communism in the Middle East. • Domino Theory - if one nation “fell” to communism all the nations around it would “fall”-especially in South East Asia/Vietnam

Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy • New aggressive policies/threats begin: • Brinkmanship- U. S. was willing to go to the brink/edge of nuclear war to show its strength • Massive Retaliation- U. S. would use all its nuclear weapons at once if attacked w/just one. • Arms Race this led to both sides building up large nuclear arsenals • Mutually Assured Destruction-both sides had enough of these weapons to destroy each other, hoping the other wouldn’t use them-Deterrent

New Weapons • Hydrogen Bomb- over 1, 500 x’s more powerful than the bomb’s used on Japan. • Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles – Nuclear weapons that travel across continents

Cold War continues 1957 - Soviets Launch Sputnik- a satellite that orbited the earth-This led to a new emphasis on math and science in American schools. - Us puts Explorer I in orbit in Jan 1958 The U. S. and U. S. S. R. realized how dangerous the situation had become, there was an easing of tensions/Thaw-1958 -1960 -both sides agreed to stop testing nuclear weapons. U-2 Incident-the thaw ended when a U. S. spy plane was shot down over the U. S. S. R. The Cold War was back!

U-2 Incident-the thaw ended when a U. S. spy plane was shot down over the U. S. S. R. The Cold War was back!

Election of 1960 • Nixon (Rep) vs. Kennedy (Dem) • Close popular vote > electoral 303 to 219 • Kennedy became youngest and 1 st Catholic to be elected President