World War II Section One From Appeasement to

World War II Section One: From Appeasement to War

Terms • Collective Security: – What was needed to defend common interests against enemy attack • Sanctions: – Measures designed to stop trade & other economic contacts

Terms, cont. • Appeasement: – Granting concessions to maintain peace

Japan • Invaded Manchuria in 1931, League of Nations condemned action- so Japan left the League • By 1937 - controlled eastern China

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia • Ethiopia bordered Italian controlled Samaliland • October 1935 Mussolini invaded Ethiopia • Italy annexed Ethiopia in 1936 • League imposed sanctions- ineffective

Spanish Civil War • 1931 - King Alfonso abdicated – After years of political & economic chaos • Republic was formed – Reforms included redistributing land from wealthy to peasants and ending Catholic Church’s education of youth

• Right-winged groups opposed reforms and staged an uprising • Francisco Franco led Nationalists

• Intervention – Soviets- supported Republic – Germans & Italians supported Nationalists – Both sides were joined by volunteers from throughout the world – Other governments refused to get involved fearing a European war

Germany’s involvement • Hitler – Strengthen ties with Italy – Secure supply of Spanish iron ore and magnesium – Prevent spread of Communism • Herman Goering, head of air force, or Luftwaffe – Saw Spain as a testing ground for soldiers and weapons

End of Spanish Civil War • USSR stops funding Loyalists (Franco) • March 1939 Franco entered Madrid, ending the civil war • Results – +500, 000 Spanish dead – Country lay in ruins – Franco, fascist dictator, did NOT ally himself with Hitler or Mussolini.

Germany • Germany was forbidden to occupy the Rhineland, a buffer zone between Germany and France in the Treaty of Versailles • In 1936, Hitler did it anyway – Nobody responded, unwilling to risk warappeasement

Why appeasement? • France- political problems • Britain- didn’t want to take on Hitler • Some thought Hitler’s response to the Treaty of Versailles was appropriate • Hitler & fascism were better than communism • Great Depression • Pacifism- opposition to all war • US was not part of League of Nations- no power behind the organization

Axis Powers • Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936 – Alliance between Hitler and Mussolini • Anti-Communist Pact – Germany, Italy, and Japan (Axis Powers) – Alliance against Soviet Community • Stalin urged west to united against Axis • West refused for fear of war & distrust of Stalin & communism

Germany continues aggression • Why? – No one stopped him – Believed Germans were superior to others – Needed ‘living space’ – “I have the right to remove millions of an inferior race that breeds like vermin’

Austria • Anschluss- joining of Austria and Germany – Hitler sent troops into Austria, declared it part of Germany – Some resisted & were quickly ‘silenced’ – West refused to respond- fear of war

Czechoslovakia • • Formed by Treaty of Versailles Only Democracy in central Europe Internal ethnic issues September, 1938 Hitler demanded Germans in Czech (living in an area called Sudetenland) be given right of self-determination

The Munich Conference • Hitler, Chamberlain (British Prime Minister), French Premier, & Mussolini met to discuss Czech. • Results – Sudetenland became part of Germany – Hitler agreed to not take any more European territory – Chamberlain said, we have ‘ensured peace in our time. ’ • Example of Appeasement

Hitler Reneges • March 15, 1939 Hitler takes control of western Czech. – Eastern part, Slovakia, is controlled by a puppet gov’t. What is a puppet gov’t? • Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact – Signed by Germany & USSR • West still mistrusting of Stalin

World War II Begins • September 1, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland • September 4, 1939 – France & Great Britain declare war on Germany( both countries had promised to help defend the Polish borders if necessary)

The Axis Advances Section Two

Terms • Blitzkrieg- lightning war • Blitz- series of air raids • Cash-and-carry policy- US policy where Britain traded cash for supplies • Lend-Lease- allowed President to lend military equipment to any country whose defense was vital to US national security.

Terms, cont. • Scorched-Earth Policy – Destroying everything that could be of use to an enemy • Holocaust – Mass destruction of the Jewish people based on racial grounds- 6, 000 Jews and 6 million others including: Slavs and Gypsies

• Genocide – The deliberate, carefully planned killing of an entire people on the basis of race, politics, or culture • Embargo - ban

Prior to 1940, update • Germany – Invades and occupies Poland • USSR – Secures its western border by occupying Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Finland

1940 • April- Allies mine waters off Scandinavia to protect from Hitler • Hitler invades Scandinavia – Wins but a great cost, loss of destroyers and cruisers • Winston Churchill replaces Chamberlain as PM (Prime Minister)

• Germany attacks Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium • Evacuation at Dunkirk – Brits and French get push back to the English Channel. The Brits call for every boat/ship available to rescue the armies. End up leaving machinery behind, but save lives • Invade and take France in June – Via Lux. & Belgium - Maginot Line- no help – Armistice- puppet gov’t- Vichy, France • Free French (the French Resistance) – Resistance fighters (resisted Germans) led by Charles de Gaulle

Battle of Britain • Germany’s attempt to invade Great Britain - Operation Sea Lion – August 1940 – Blitz for 57 consecutive nights on London. September • Much of London was destroyed, many died – Much damage was prevented by Royal Air Force

Africa & the Balkans • Balkans- Peninsula including: Greece, Yugo. , Bulgaria, Albania, Romania • Italians (w/ German help) invaded Egypt • Occupied Greece & Yugoslavia – Strong resistance thru-out war • Bulgaria & Hungary joined Axis Powers

British-American Cooperation • US policy – Neutrality Acts- prohibited shipments, loans, and credit to belligerent nations. – FDR(Franklin Delano Roosevelt) • Gave British 50 destroyers in exchange for bases in Newfoundland & West Indies • Cash-and-Carry policy • Lend-Lease

• Atlantic Charter – Freedom of trade, right of people to choose their own gov’t – “final destruction of Nazi tyranny”

Spring of 1941 • Germany controlled almost all of western Europe – Great Britain the lone Allied Power • Japanese controlled Manchuria and most of Chinese eastern border

Invasion of the Soviet Union • Hitler believed conquering the USSR was the only way to increase the ‘living space’ vital for Germany’s future • June 22, 1941 - Operation Barbarossa – A massive attack on the USSR- violating the Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact

– Stalin was surprised • Germans almost completely destroyed the Soviet air force, disabled 1000’s of tanks, & captured 500, 000 soldiers

Stalin reacts • Appealed to people to resist • Issued the Scorched-Earth Policy • November 1941 – Germans had captured Kiev, began a siege of Leningrad and were on the outskirts of Moscow

• December 2, 1941 – Germans began an assault on Moscow – Soviets counterattacked and forced the Germans to retreat • Russian winter helped defeat the Germans

The Nazi Order • Hitler’s Plan – The Nazis would rule Europe and exploit its resources – Enslave the conquered people – Exterminate undesirables (Jews, Slavs) • Every day of WWII in Europe

• Plan began – Plundering conquered countries of art, raw materials, and factory equipment

Cont. • Forced millions into labor and concentration camps • Between 1939 -1944 – About 7. 5 million people were deported and put to work in fields, factories, and mines

The Holocaust Beginnings and Final Solution

The Holocaust- Beginnings • 1935 - Nuremberg Laws – Stripped Jews of citizenship – And right to hold public office – Barred Jews from schools and destroyed Jewish businesses

• Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”) – Nov. 9 -10, 1938 – Nazis attacked Jews and vandalized Jewish businesses, homes, and synagagues • Gestapo- Secret Police – Shot resisters or sent them to concentration camps

• Mid- 1940 – Nazis began persecuting Jews in conquered lands – Forced Jews to wear yellow Star of David – Jews were sent to concentration camps like Dachau – Largest # of Jews in occupied territories lived in Poland the Soviet Union – Germans forced them to live in designated areas called ghettos

Life in the Ghettos Unsanitary housing Contagious diseases spread rapidly Germans deliberately tried to starve them 10, 000’s died of hunger, disease, and the cold • One of most famous ghettos was Warsaw 500, 000 Jews were housed there • •

The Killing Squads • June 1941 – Nazis turned from forced immigration to mass killing – Killing Squads moved with German army and killed all Jews on sight – Total Deaths- +1, 000 Jews and 100, 000’s of others – Babi Yar, Ukraine • 35, 000 Jews killed in 2 days

The Final Solution • January 1942 – Nazi leaders agreed on the final solution to the Jewish question in Europe – Defined- genocide of the Jews

– Began in Summer 1942 • Germans rounded up Jews and sent them to death camps like Auschwitz in Poland • Death was carried out by gas chambers, starvation, disease or cruel medical experiments

Response and Resistance • Most were unaware • Jews fought back – Warsaw Ghetto Uprising • Some helped the Nazis (France, Italy, Hungary) • Switzerland(neutral) accepted & profited from money & valuables stolen from Jews

• Most people did nothing- thinking it wasn’t their problem • Anti-Semitic (Against the Jews) feelings were widespread

Response, cont. • Demark, alone, actively resisted the Nazis removal of the Jews • The Allies knew what was going on but thought the best way to help was to defeat Germany – They did not know the full horror of the Holocaust until the camps were liberated in 1945

Japanese Expansion

Japanese Expansion • Began attacking European colonies in East and Southeast Asia (Europe was occupied with Hitler so there was little resistance) • July 1940 - Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere – An appeal to Asians to get rid of European influence • Began by invading southern Indochina

Japan’s Brutal Conquest • Treated all conquered peoples (Chinese, Filipinos, Malaysians, etc. ) w/ great brutality: killing & torturing citizens • Seized food crops, destroyed cities & towns, enslaved people • Resisters fought guerilla warfare against the Japanese

United States reacts • Put an embargo on the sale of scrap iron to Japan • Tripartite Pact – Signed with Germany and Italy – Said every nation had the right to receive the space to which it is entitled – Pledged to cooperate to reach that goal and to help each other if attacked

1941

1942

1943

Pearl Harbor • July 24, 1941 – FDR demanded that Japan withdraw from Indochina – Placed an embargo on oil and froze all Japanese assets in the US • Japan’s reason for attacking the US – Believed the US stood in the way of its plans for expansion • Decided to destroy the American Pacific Fleet based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

• Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto came up with the plan of attack • Japanese-American diplomacy had broken down • US sent all aircraft carriers and half of the army’s planes to Pearl Harbor

The Attack • Morning of December 7, 1941 (Sunday) • Battleships Arizona, Utah, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and California were damaged to sunk • Sank or disabled 19 American ships (aircraft carriers were at sea)

Destroyed 188 planes Dead 2, 400 Wounded 1, 100 FDR called it “a date which will live in infamy” • December 8, 1941 US declared war on Japan • •

The Allies • December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declared war on US – Great Britain declared war on Japan – US and GB joined with USSR – Stalin wanted a second front war in Europe – US & GB concentrated on Mediterranean and North Africa

Retaliation for Pearl Harbor • Doolittle’s Raid on Tokyo – April 18, 1942 – 16 B-26 Bombers dropped bombs on Tokyo off aircraft carrier USS Hornet – Little effect other than morale booster – Doolittle received Congressional Medal of Honor

The Allies Turn the Tide Section Three

Terms • Kamikaze- Japanese soldiers who willing died for Japan. (Suicide missions)

Background • War going badly for Allies – Most of American Pacific fleet destroyed at Pearl Harbor- Japan gained control of Pacific – British colonies of Hong Kong & Malay Peninsula were invaded by Japan – Germans controlled large area of Africa & were winning against USSR

Allied Governments • Increased power, directed economic resources towards to war effort- ordering factories to switch to war materials, rationed consumer goods, raised $ by selling war bonds (essentially loans from citizens to the gov’t), regulated prices & wages, unemployment from Depression ended

• Limited rights of citizens, censored the press, used propaganda • Interned people of Japanese decent in camps (Canada & US) b/c they were a security risk. – Britain did the same with Germans

Sea & Air Battle • German u-boats had sunk 114 Allied & neutral ships by end of 1939 – Allies win a victory by sinking the Bismarck, a German battleship – Allies also devised new methods to protect convoys from U-boats

• In the air, Allies used planes to destroy German factories, railroads, docks, cities, & towns – Purpose? ? To destroy German war industries & weaken will of the people to fight

Stalingrad • Russian army was in retreat • Stalingrad was attacked by Germans in 1942 • Russians encircled the Germans, cutting off supply lines • Hitler refused to allow retreat even in winter • Germans surrendered in Feb. ‘ 43 – Losses- 100, 000 dead; 80, 000+ captured; large amount of military equipment – Turning point of the war? ?

War in the Desert • Most of north Africa was under German control in January 1942 • By May 1943 Allies had gained control of the region

Invasion of Italy • Allies invaded to secure communication lines • In July 1943, General Dwight D. Eisenhower led an Allied invasion at Sicily • Italy split in 2, with Germans & Mussolini controlling north; Allies controlled south • Allies finally succeeded in dislodging Germans & entered Rome in 1944

Pacific War • Map p. 586 • Japan seized much of Pacific b/w 1941 -1942 • Allied victories – Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) – Battle of Midway (June 1942) • Allies defeated Japanese navy, ending Japanese naval superiority in Pacific

Follow up to Allied Victories • August 1942 - attack @ Guadalcanal – Gen. Douglas Mac. Arthur led land forces – Adm. Chester W. Nimitz led sea battle – Battle lasted 6 months • Began a island-hopping strategy to get to Japan • November 1943 - Kamikaze missions began

Terms • D-day- the day of attack, June 6, 1944, invasion of France • Partisans- resistance fighters

D-Day p. 584 -586 • Allies led by Gen. Eisenhower – 176, 000 soldiers, 600 warships, 10, 000 aircraft (Operation Overlord) • June 6, 1944 – Allies invaded Normandy: British bombers attacked coast, Americans parachuted inland, allied soldiers landed on beach fighting their way in • By August, Gen. George Patton was racing towards Paris---Germans retreated on Aug. 25

• http: //www. schoolshistory. org. uk/dday. htm

Victory over Germany • Russians were pushing towards Berlin from East; Rest of Allies were pushing from the West in 1945 • May 7, 1945 - Germans surrendered • May 8, 1945 - V-E Day (Victory in Europe) • Hitler committed suicide • Mussolini was captured, shot & hanged by his own people

Yalta and Potsdam • Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin meet to discuss postwar Europe – Formed United Nations- with China, France – Germany • Divided into four zones controlled by US, GB, USSR, Fr • Berlin divided into four zones as well • Stalin promised to hold free elections in Soviet-occupied areas

• Potsdam – Truman, Attlee, Stalin • Discussed the occupation of Germany • Issued an ultimatum to Japan • Tensions rose

Victory over Japan • General Douglass Mac. Arthur regained the Philippines • Japanese defeat at Iwo Jima and Okinawa • Japanese refused to surrender • Truman decided to use bomb to end the war swiftly and avoid enormous loss of life

Dropping the Bomb • August 6, 1945 --bomb dropped on munitions center, Hiroshima--leveling the city – Japan did not respond • August 9, 1945 --bomb dropped on Nagasaki • 200, 000 died in blasts---more died later from radiation poisoning

• August 14, 1945 ---Japan surrendered • September 2, 1945 -- V-J day (Victory over Japan)official documents of surrender signed

Effects of War World II Britain Military Dead 264, 000 Military Wounded 277, 000 Civilian Dead 93, 000 France 213, 000 400, 000 350, 000 China 1, 310, 000 1, 753, 000 1, 000 USSR 7, 500, 000 14, 012, 000 15, 000 US 292, 000 672, 000 6, 000

Military Dead Military Civilian Wounded Dead Germany 3, 500, 000 5, 000 780, 000 Italy 242, 000 Japan 1, 300, 000 4, 000 672, 000 66, 000 153, 000

Holocaust Deaths • 12 -14 million total dead • 6 million Jews killed (72% of the Jewish population in Europe) – 85% of Polish Jews (2. 8 million) – 71% of USSR Jews (1. 5 million) • Other 6+ million included: Slavs, Gypsies, Political Opponents, Mentally/Physically ill. Other undesirables

War Trials • Nuremburg Trials – Nazis tried with pursuing ‘aggressive war’ and ‘committing crimes against humanity’ • Trials in Japan and Italy were also held- not as extensive as Germany trials although crimes were worse • Many areas of Europe and Asia lay in ruin--deadly new weapons---WWII is most destructive war in history • 12 million people homeless

Occupying Allies • Germany is occupied by the Allies • Japan is occupied by the US

United Nations Established in April 1945 50 nations Peacekeeping- original main goal Had power to impose economic sanctions or send peace-keeping military forces • More on UN later • •