World War II Learning Objective And Bell Ringer

World War II

Learning Objective And Bell Ringer Learning Objective: Students will research the types of governments that took power in Russia, Italy, Germany & Japan so they can explain the decline in peace stability. Bell Ringer: What Causes people to bully others? What is the best way to handle a bully? What happens when you try to appease (calm down) a bully?

World War Looms, 1931 -1941 �Germany invades neighboring countries and launches the Holocaust—the systematic killing of millions of Jews and other “non-Aryans. ” The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ushers the U. S. into World War II.

Section 1: Dictators Threaten World Peace �The rise of rulers with total power in Europe and Asia lead to World War II. Who are these men?

Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia � Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement • Treaty of Versailles causes anger, resentment in Europe. Why were Germans so upset with the treaty of Versailles? • Germany resents blame for war, loss of colonies, border territories • Russia resents loss of lands used to create other nations • New democracies flounder social, economic problems • Dictators rise; driven by nationalism, desire for more territory. What is nationalism again?

Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia � Joseph Stalin transforms the Soviet Union • 1922 V. I. Lenin establishes Soviet Union after civil war • 1924 Joseph Stalin takes over: �replaces private farms with collectives �creates second largest industrial power; famines kill millions �purges anyone who threatens his power; 8– 13 million killed • Totalitarian government exerts almost complete control over people What is totalitarianism? What is totalitarianism and what countries allowed this rule to govern them?

Totalitarianism �Gov. complete control over citizens �No rights �No opinions. �No questions!

Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia � The Rise of Fascism in Italy What is fascism and why might people turn to this • Unemployment, inflation lead to bitter strikes, some rule for their country? communist-led • Middle, upper classes want stronger leaders • Fascism stresses nationalism, needs of state above individual • Benito Mussolini plays on fears of economic collapse, communism • Supported by government officials, police, army • 1922 appointed head of government, establishes totalitarian state

Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia �The Nazis Take Over Germany • Adolf Hitler leader of National Socialist German Workers’ Party • Mein Kampf—basic beliefs of Nazism, based on extreme nationalism • Wants to unite German-speaking people, enforce racial “purification” • 1932, 6 million unemployed; many men join Hitler’s private army • Nazis become strongest political party; Hitler named chancellor • Dismantles democratic Weimar Republic; establishes Third Reich What was Hitler’s goal when writing Mein Kampf?

Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia � Militarists Gain Control in Japan • 1931, Nationalist military leaders seize Manchuria • League of Nations condemns action; Japan quits League • Militarists take control of Japanese government � Aggression in Europe and Africa • 1933, Hitler quits League; 1935, begins military buildup • sends troops into Rhineland, League does nothing to stop him • 1935, League fails to stop Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia

Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia � Civil War Breaks Out in Spain • 1936, General Francisco Franco rebels against Spanish republic • Spanish Civil War begins • Hitler, Mussolini back Franco; Stalin aids opposition • Western democracies remain neutral • War leads to Rome-Berlin Axis—alliance between Italy and Germany • 1939, Franco wins war, becomes fascist dictator

The US Responds Cautiously � Americans Cling to Isolationism • Public is outraged at profits of banks, arms dealers during WW I What type of foreign policy did the U. S. adopt after WWI? • Americans become isolationists; FDR backs away from foreign policy • 1935 Neutrality Acts try to keep U. S. out of future wars • outlaws arms sales, loans to nations at war � Neutrality Breaks Down • 1937 Japan launches new attack on China; FDR sends aid to China • FDR wants to isolate aggressor nations to stop war What laws did Congress pass regarding foreign policy?

Learning Objective And Bell Ringer Learning Objective: Students will study Hitler’s motives for expansion, how Britain and France respond, and blitzkrieg tactics so they can summarize the first battles and beginnings of WWII. Bell Ringer: What would you do if someone came up to you and demanded your money or valuables? How would factors such as the size & strength of the opponent, place, and time influence your response?

Section 2: War in Europe �Using the sudden mass attack called blitzkrieg; Germany invades and quickly conquers many European countries.

Austria and Czechoslovakia Fall � Union with Austria • Post WW I division of Austria-Hungary creates fairly small Austria • Majority of Austrians are German, favor unification with Germany • 1938, German troops march into Austria unopposed, union complete • U. S. , rest of world do nothing to stop Germany

Austria and Czechoslovakia Fall � Bargaining for the Sudetenland • 3 million German-speakers in Sudetenland • Hitler claims Czechs abuse Sudeten Germans, masses troops on border • 1938, Prime Ministers Daladier, Neville Chamberlain meet with Hitler • Sign Munich Agreement, hand Sudetenland over to Germany • Winston Churchill condemns appeasement policy, warns war will follow • Appeasement—giving up principles to pacify an aggressor

The German Offensive Begins � The Soviet Union Declares Neutrality • March 1939, German troops occupy rest of Czechoslovakia • Hitler charges Poles mistreat Germans in Poland • Many think he’s bluffing; invading Poland would bring two-front war • Stalin, Hitler sign nonaggression pact—will not attack each other • Sign second, secret pact agreeing to divide Poland between them What action freed Hitler to invade Poland?

The German Offensive Begins � Blitzkrieg in Poland • Sept. 1939, Hitler overruns Poland in blitzkrieg, lightning war • Germany takes over western Poland; U. S. S. R. attacks, takes over east • France, Britain declare war on Germany; World War II begins What new tactics did Germany use to invade Poland?

The German Offensive Begins �The Phony War • French, British soldiers on Maginot Line face Germans in sitzkrieg • Stalin annexes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; defeats Finland • 1940, Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, then Low Countries

France and Britain Fight On � The Fall of France • German army goes through Ardennes, bypassing French, British • British, French trapped on Dunkirk; ferried to safety in UK • 1940, Italy invades France from south; Germans approach Paris • France falls; Germans occupy northern France • Nazi puppet government set up in southern France • General Charles de Gaulle sets up government-in-exile in England

France and Britain Fight On � The Battle of Britain • Summer 1940, Germany prepares Devastation of London (Click) fleet to invade Britain • Battle of Britain—German planes bomb British targets • Britain uses radar to track, shoot down German planes • Hitler calls off invasion of Britain • Germans, British continue to bomb each other’s cities Why do you think the Germans decided not to invade after the Battle of Britain?

Learning Objective And Bell Ringer Learning Objective: Students will study the Nazi persecution of the Jews, problems facing Jewish refugees, and the Nazis final solution to the Jewish problem so they can identify and describe the profound and lasting effects of Nazi action (the Holocaust) Bell Ringer: What do you know about the Holocaust?

Quick Review �Crash Course WWII

Section 3: The Holocaust �During the Holocaust, the Nazis systematically execute 6 million Jews and 5 million other “non-Aryans. ”

The Persecution Begins � Jews Targeted • Europe has long history of anti-Semitism • Germans believe Hitler’s claims, blame Jews for problems • Nazis take away citizenship, jobs, property; require Star of David • Holocaust—murder of 11 million people, more than half are Jews � Kristallnacht • Kristallnacht—Nazis attack Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues • About 100 Jews killed, hundreds injured, 30, 000 arrested

The Persecution Begins � A Flood of Jewish Refugees • 1938, Nazis try to speed up Jewish emigration • France has 40, 000 refugees, Britain 80, 000; both refuse more • U. S. takes 100, 000, many “persons of exceptional merit” • Americans fear strain on economy, enemy agents; much anti-Semitism � The Plight of the St. Louis • Coast Guard prevents passengers on St. Louis from disembarking • Ship forced to return to Europe; most passengers killed in Holocaust

Hitler’s “Final Solution” � The Condemned • Hitler’s Final Solution—slavery, genocide of “inferior” groups • Genocide—deliberate, systematic killing of an entire population • Target Jews, gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, unfit Germans • Nazi death squads round up Jews, shoot them � Forced Relocation • Jews forced into ghettos, segregated areas in Polish cities • Some form resistance movements; others maintain Jewish culture

Hitler’s “Final Solution” � Concentration Camps • Many Jews taken to concentration camps, or labor camps • Families often separated • Camps originally prisons; given to SS to warehouse “undesirables” • Prisoners crammed into wooden barracks, given little food • Work dawn to dusk, 7 days per week • Those too weak to work are killed

The Final Stage � Mass Exterminations • Germans build death camps; gas chambers used to kill thousands • On arrival, SS doctors separate those who can work • Those who can’t work immediately killed in gas chamber • At first bodies buried in pits; later cremated to cover up evidence • Some are shot, hanged, poisoned, or die from experiments How did the Nazis industrialize the murder of Jews.

The Final Stage �The Survivors • About 6 million Jews killed in death camps, massacres • Some escape, many with help from ordinary people • Some survive concentration camps • survivors forever changed by experience

Learning Objective And Bell Ringer Learning Objective: Students will research the U. S. response to war in Europe, how Roosevelt assisted the Allies w/o declaring war, and U. S. response to Pearl Harbor so they can summarize the events that brought the U. S. into armed conflict in WWII. Bell Ringer: At what point, if at all, should the U. S. enter/join WWII? After reading the primary document yesterday, what did Ellie Wiesel mean by saying that “if we forget, we are accomplices”?

Section 4: America Moves Toward War �In response to the fighting in Europe, the United States provides economic and military aid to help the Allies achieve victory.

The US Musters its Forces � Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality • 1939, FDR persuades Congress to pass “cash-and- carry” provision • Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep U. S. out of war � The Axis Threat • 1940, FDR tries to provide Britain “all aid short of war” • Germany, Japan, Italy sign Tripartite Pact, mutual defense treaty • become known as Axis Powers • Pact aimed at keeping U. S. out of war by forcing fight on two oceans How did the formation of the Axis alliance affect the United States?

The US Musters its Forces � Building U. S. Defenses • Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U. S. defense spending • First peacetime draft enacted—Selective Training and Service Act: • draftees to serve for 1 year in Western Hemisphere only � Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term • FDR breaks two-term tradition, runs for reelection (22 nd amendment 1947) • Republican Wendell Willkie has similar views on war • FDR reelected with 55% of votes

“The Great Arsenal of Democracy” � The Lend-Lease Plan • FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free to conquer world • U. S. must become “arsenal of democracy” • By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy U. S. arms • 1941 Lend-Lease Act—U. S. to lend or lease supplies for defense � Supporting Stalin • 1941, Hitler breaks pact with Stalin, invades Soviet Union • Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet Union

“The Great Arsenal of Democracy” �German Wolf Packs • Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply convoys • Wolf packs—groups of up to 40 submarines patrol North Atlantic • sink supply ships • FDR allows navy to attack German U-boats in selfdefense What did the Germans do that threatened the lend-lease pact?

FDR Plans for War � The Atlantic Charter • FDR’s proposal to extend the term of draftees passes House by 1 vote • FDR, Churchill issue Atlantic Charter —joint declaration of war aims • Charter is basis of “A Declaration of the United Nations” or Allies • Allies—nations that fight Axis powers; 26 nations sign Declaration

FDR Plans for War �Shoot on Sight • Germans fire on U. S. ship, FDR orders navy to shoot U-boats on sight • U-boat attacks lead Senate to repeal ban on arming merchant ships How did the U. S. end up in an undeclared war with Germany?

Japan Attacks the US � Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific • Hideki Tojo—chief of staff of army that invades China, prime minister • Japan seizes French bases in Indochina; U. S. cuts off trade • Japan needs oil from U. S. or must take Dutch East Indies oil fields � Peace Talks are Questioned • 1941 U. S. breaks Japanese codes; learns Japan planning to attack U. S. • Peace talks with Japan last about 1 month • December 6, Japanese diplomat instructed to reject all U. S. proposals

Japan Attacks the US � The Attack on Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor • 2, 403 Americans killed; 1, 178 wounded • Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or damaged � Reaction to Pearl Harbor • Congress approves FDR’s request for declaration of war against Japan • Germany, Italy declare war on U. S. • U. S. unprepared to fight in both Atlantic, Pacific Oceans Click

The US in WWII-1941 -1945 �The U. S. helps lead the Allies to victory in World War II, but only after dropping atomic bombs on Japan. American veterans discover new economic opportunities, but also simmering social tensions.

Learning Objective And Bell Ringer Learning Objective: Students will study wartime mobilization of industry, labor, scientist, and media so they can explain how the U. S. expanded its armed forces in WWII. Bell Ringer: Put yourself in the place of a high school junior in December 1941 and think how the news of war will impact your life. Bell Ringer: Think back to the first time (or any time) where you felt you were in danger. How did it feel? How did you think you would have acted or reacted as a soldier marching into battle?

Section 1: Mobilizing for Defense �Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US mobilizes for war.

Americans Join the War Effort � Selective Service and the GI • After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for military service • 10 million more drafted to meet needs of two- front war � Expanding the Military • General George Marshall—Army Chief of Staff —calls for women’s corps • Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)— women in noncombat positions • Thousands enlist; “auxiliary” dropped, get full U. S. army benefits What was the Selective Service System and how did it help the U. S. meet manpower needs?

Americans Join the War Effort � Recruiting and Discrimination • Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights • Question whether they should fight for democracy in other countries � Dramatic Contributions • 300, 000 Mexican Americans join armed forces • 1 million African Americans serve; live, work in segregated units • 13, 000 Chinese Americans and 33, 000 Japanese Americans serve • 25, 000 Native Americans enlist

A Production Miracle � The Industrial Response • Factories convert from civilian to war production • Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built • Produce ships, arms rapidly • use prefabricated parts • people work at record speeds How did American industry contribute to the war effort?

A Production Miracle � Labor’s Contribution • Nearly 18 million workers in war industries; 6 million are women • Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong discrimination at first • A. Philip Randolph, head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters • Organizes march on D. C. ; FDR executive order forbids discrimination � Mobilization of Scientists • Office of Scientific Research and Development— technology, medicine • Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb How did scientist help the war effort?

The Federal Government Takes Control � Economic Controls • Office of Price Administration (OPA) freezes prices, fights inflation • Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds lower demand for scarce goods Why would higher taxes and war bonds lower demand for scarce goods? • War Production Board (WPB) says which companies convert production • allocates raw materials • organizes collection of recyclable materials � Rationing • Rationing—fixed allotments of goods needed by military

Learning Objective And Bell Ringer Learning Objective: Students will identify event that took place during the war so they can summarize the Allies’ plan for winning the war. Bell Ringer: Think back to the first time (or any time) where you felt you were in danger. How did it feel? How did you think you would have acted or reacted as a soldier marching into battle?

Section 2: The War for Europe and North Africa �Allied forces, led by the United States and Great Britain, battle Axis powers for control of Europe and North Africa.

The United States and Britain Join Forces � War Plans • Churchill convinces FDR to strike first against Hitler Why would U. S. attack Hitler first when Japan was the one that bombed Pearl Harbor. � The Battle of the Atlantic • Hitler orders submarine attacks against supply ships to Britain • wolf packs destroy hundreds of ships in 1942 • Allies organize convoys of cargo ships with escort: • destroyers with sonar; planes with radar • Construction of Liberty ships (cargo carriers) speeds up

The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean � The Battle of Stalingrad • Hitler wants to capture Caucasus oil fields and destroy Stalingrad � The North African Front • General Dwight D. Eisenhower commands invasion of North Africa • Soviets defeat Germans in bitter winter campaign • Afrika Korps, led by General Erwin Rommel, • Over 230, 000 Germans, 1, 100, 000 Soviets die • Battle a turning point: Soviet army begins to move towards Germany surrenders May 1943 (Click Picture)

The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean � The Italian Campaign • Allies decide will accept only unconditional surrender from Axis • Summer 1943, capture Sicily; Mussolini forced to resign • 1944 Allies win “Bloody Anzio”; Germans continue strong resistance � Heroes in Combat • African Americans —Tuskegee Airmen, Buffaloes— highly decorated • Mexican-American soldiers win many awards • Japanese-American unit most decorated unit in U. S. history

The Allies Liberate Europe � D-Day • Allies set up phantom army, send fake radio messages to fool Germans • Eisenhower directs Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944 � The Allies Gain Ground • General Omar Bradley bombs to create gap in enemy defense line • General George Patton leads Third Army, reach Paris in August • FDR reelected for 4 th term with running mate Harry S. Truman

The Allies Liberate Europe � The Battle of the Bulge • October 1944, Allies capture first German town, Aachen • December German tank divisions drive 60 miles into Allied area • Battle of the Bulge—Germans push back but have irreplaceable losses � Liberation of the Death Camps • Allies in Germany, Soviets in Poland liberate concentration camps • find starving prisoners, corpses, evidence of killing

The Allies Liberate Europe �Unconditional Surrender • April 1945, Soviet army storms Berlin; Hitler commits suicide • Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of German Reich • May 8, 1945, V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day �Roosevelt’s Death • FDR dies April 12; Vice President Harry S. Truman becomes president

Learning Objective And Bell Ringer Learning Objective: Students Bell Ringer: What

Section 3: The War in the Pacific �In order to defeat Japan and end the war in the Pacific, the United States unleashes a terrible new weapon, the atomic bomb.

The Allies Stem the Japanese Tide �Japanese Advances • • In first 6 months after Pearl Harbor, Japan conquers empire Gen. Douglas Mac. Arthur leads Allied forces in Philippines March 1942 U. S. , Filipino troops trapped on Bataan Peninsula FDR orders Mac. Arthur to leave; thousands of troops remain �Doolittle’s Raid • April 1942, Lt. Col. James Doolittle leads raid on Tokyo

The Allies Stem the Japanese Tide �Battle of the Coral Sea • May 1942, U. S. , Australian soldiers stop Japanese drive to Australia • For first time since Pearl Harbor, Japanese invasion turned back �The Battle of Midway • Admiral Chester Nimitz commands U. S. naval forces in Pacific • Allies break Japanese code, win Battle of Midway, stop Japan again • Allies advance island by island to Japan

The Allies go on the Offensive �The Allied Offensive • Allied offensive begins August 1942 in Guadalcanal • October 1944, Allies converge on Leyte Island in Philippines • return of Mac. Arthur �The Japanese Defense • Japan uses kamikaze attack—pilots crash bomb-laden planes into ships • Battle of Leyte Gulf is a disaster for Japan • Imperial Navy severely damaged; plays minor role after

The Allies go on the Offensive �Iwo Jima • Iwo Jima critical as base from which planes can reach Japan • 6, 000 marines die taking island; of 20, 700 Japanese, 200 survive �The Battle for Okinawa • April 1945 U. S. Marines invade Okinawa • April–June: 7, 600 U. S. troops, 110, 000 Japanese die • Allies fear invasion of Japan may mean 1. 5 million Allied casualties

The Atomic Bomb Ends the War �The Manhattan Project • J. Robert Oppenheimer is research director of Manhattan Project • July 1945, atomic bomb tested in New Mexico desert • President Truman orders military to drop 2 atomic bombs on Japan �Hiroshima and Nagasaki • August 6, Hiroshima, major military center, destroyed by bomb • 3 days later, bomb dropped on city of Nagasaki

Rebuilding Begins �The Yalta Conference • February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in Yalta • discuss post-war world • FDR, Churchill concession: temporarily divide Germany into 4 parts • Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe; will fight Japan • FDR gets support for conference to establish United Nations �Human Costs of the War • WW II most destructive war in human history

Rebuilding Begins �The Nuremberg War Trials • Nuremberg trials— 24 Nazi leaders tried, sentenced • charged with crimes against humanity, against the peace, war crimes • Establish principle that people responsible for own actions in war �The Occupation of Japan • Mac. Arthur commands U. S. occupation forces in Japan • Over 1, 100 Japanese tried, sentenced • Mac. Arthur reshapes Japan’s economy, government

Learning Objective And Bell Ringer Learning Objective: Students Bell Ringer: What

Section 4: The Home Front �After World War II, Americans adjust to new economic opportunities and harsh social tensions.

Opportunity and Adjustment �Economic Gains • • • Defense industries boom, unemployment falls to 1. 2% in 1944 average pay rises 10% during war Farmers prosper from rising crop prices, increase in production many pay off mortgages Percentage of women in work force rises to 35%

Opportunity and Adjustment �Population Shifts • War triggers mass migrations to towns with defense industries

Opportunity and Adjustment �Social Adjustments • • • Families adjust to fathers in military; mothers rear children alone Families must get to know each other again after fathers return Many couples rush to marry before husband goes overseas 1944 GI Bill of Rights or Servicemen’s Readjustment Act: pays education; loan guarantees for homes, new businesses

Discrimination and Reaction �Civil Rights Protests • Racial tensions rise in overcrowded Northern cities • James Farmer founds Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • works on racial segregation in North • 1943 racial violence sweeps across country; Detroit riots worst case �Tension in Los Angeles • Anti-Mexican zoot suit riots involve thousands servicemen, civilians

Internment of Japanese Americans �Camps • Hawaii governor forced to order internment (confinement) of • • • Japanese 1942 FDR signs removal of Japanese Americans in four states U. S. Army forces 110, 000 Japanese Americans into prison camps 1944 Korematsu v. United States—Court rules in favor of internment After war, Japanese American Citizens League pushes for compensation 1988, Congress grants $20, 000 to everyone sent to relocation camp