World War II Date 1939 1945 Coach Copp

World War II Date: 1939 -1945 Coach Copp Mr. Sommer

World War II Begins Blitzkrieg in Poland • Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler overruns Poland in blitzkrieg, lightning war • Germany annexes western Poland; U. S. S. R. attacks, annexes east • France, Britain declare war on Germany; World War II begins

US and Neutrality Act • Limit international involvement by US Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality 1939 = FDR persuades Congress to pass “Cash-and-Carry” provision. • -allows nation to buy American arms as long as its’ in cash and carried on the nations ships. • Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep U. S. out of war Italy, Germany, Japan sign Tripartite Pact aimed to force US out of war for fear of two-front war

War and the Homefront Labor’s Contribution • Nearly 18 million workers in war industries. • 6 million are women. • Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong discrimination at first. • A. Philip Randolph • Organizes march on D. C. because of discrimination in war industries; March canceled after FDR executive order forbids discrimination

Rationing • Citizens asked to ration goods and donate as much as possible to the war effort.

• http: //www. worldology. com/Europe/world_w ar_2_imap. htm

• http: //www. pbs. org/thewar/detail_5406. htm

Wartime Conversion • Factories convert from civilian to war production • Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built • Produce ships, arms rapidly • - use prefabricated parts • - people work at record speeds

Women in the War • Women work in wartime industries (Rosie the Riveter) • After war, women expected to leave war jobs and return home.

Great Arsenal of Democracy The Lend-Lease Plan • FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free to conquer world - U. S. must become “arsenal of democracy” • By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy U. S. arms • 1941 Lend-Lease Act—U. S. to lend or lease supplies for defense

U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941 Great Britain. . . $31 billion Soviet Union. . . $11 billion France. . . . $3 billion China. . . . $1. 5 billion Other European. . . . . $500 million South America. . . $400 million The amount totaled: $48, 601, 365, 000

Lend-Lease

Pearl Harbor Date: December 7, 1941 = Japanese attack Pearl Harbor Results • 2, 403 Americans killed; 1, 178 wounded. • Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or damaged • Significance: US enters World War II

Pearl Harbor • Remembering Pearl Harbor @ nationalgeographic. com

A Date that will Live in Infamy • American Rhetoric: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation (12 -08 -41)

World War II Issues Japanese Americans Placed in Internment Camps • Hawaii governor forced to order internment (confinement) of Japanese • 1942 FDR signs removal of Japanese Americans in four states • U. S. Army forces 110, 000 Japanese Americans into prison camps • 1944 Korematsu v. United States—Court rules in favor of internment • After war, Japanese American Citizens League pushes for compensation • 1988, Congress grants $20, 000 to everyone sent to relocation camp

• http: //www. pbs. org/thewar/detail_5380. htm

*The North African Front (Operation Torch 1942 -1943) • General Dwight D. Eisenhower commands invasion of North Africa. • *Eisenhower would later be Supreme Commander of the Allies Result of Operation Torch: German Afrika Korps, led General Erwin Rommel, surrenders May 1943

The Italian Campaign • Allies decide will accept only unconditional surrender from Axis Summer 1943 = capture Sicily; Mussolini forced to resign May 1944 = Allies win “Bloody Anzio”; Germans continue strong resistance The Story of Babe

Operation Overlord (D-Day) June 6, 1944 Significance: 1) Plan to take Europe from Hitler’s Germany 2) Largest amphibious invasion in history. Military Involved: 156, 000 troops, 4, 000 landing craft, 600 warships, and 11, 000 planes Leader: Gen. Eisenhower directs Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944.

D-Day Casualties • There is no "official" casualty figure for D-Day. Under the circumstances, accurate record keeping was very difficult. For example, some troops who were listed as missing may actually have landed in the wrong place, and have rejoined their parent unit only later.

US D-Day Figures • The Allied casualties figures for D-Day have generally been estimated at 10, 000, including 2500 dead. Broken down by nationality, the usual D-Day casualty figures are approximately 2700 British, 946 Canadians, and 6603 Americans

“Lafayette, We are Here!”

Battle of the Bulge

Roosevelt’s Death • FDR dies April 12, 1945 • Vice President Harry S. Truman become president The Fall of Berlin May of 1945 Significance: The Soviets take Berlin and end war in Europe

Strategy = Island Hopping Battle = Battle of Midway Battle of the Coral Sea (May 7, 1942) • May 1942 = U. S. , Australian soldiers stop Japanese drive to Australia • *For first time since Pearl Harbor, Japanese invasion turned back The Allied Offensive • August 1942 = Allied offensive begins in Guadalcanal. • October 1944 = Allies converge on Leyte Island in Philippines - *return of Mac. Arthur to Phillipines

Strategy = Island Hopping Battle = Battle of Midway • The Battle of Midway Date: (June 4 -7, 1942) • Admiral Chester Nimitz commands U. S. naval forces in Pacific Significance: • Allies win Battle of Midway, stop Japan and gain island as airplane landing strip • Allies advance island by island to Japan

The Yalta Conference • February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in Yalta - discuss post-war world • FDR, Churchill concession: temporarily divide Germany into 4 parts • Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe; will fight Japan • FDR gets support for conference to establish United Nations.

The Final Battles The Japanese Defense • Japan uses kamikaze attack—pilots crash bomb-laden planes into ships Iwo Jima (Feb. 19 -Mar. 17, 1945) Significance • Iwo Jima critical as base from which planes can reach Japan • 6, 000 marines die taking island; of 20, 700 Japanese, 200 survive The Battle for Okinawa (Apr. 1 –June 21, 1945) • April 1945 U. S. Marines invade Okinawa • April–June: 7, 600 U. S. troops, 110, 000 Japanese die Significance • Allies fear invasion of Japan may mean 1. 5 million Allied casualties

Truman and the Decision • It was estimated that an invasion of Japan would cost over 1 million American soldiers’ lives. • The Atom Bomb was ready for use and proved successful in testing. • Would send message to Japan regarding the issue of surrender.

The Manhattan Project (Name for Atomic Bomb Project) • J. Robert Oppenheimer is research director of Manhattan Project. • Los Alamos is laboratory where atom bomb is developed. Creates jobs and scientific breakthroughs. • July 1945, atomic bomb tested in New Mexico desert • President Truman orders military to drop 2 atomic bombs on Japan

The Atomic Age Begins • Hiroshima • August 6, 1945, Hiroshima, major military center, destroyed by bomb

Nagasaki • 3 days later, bomb dropped on city of Nagasaki • September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders bringing WORLD WAR II to and END!

Estimated World War II Deaths Country Military Deaths Civilian Deaths Total Deaths Germany 3, 250, 000 2, 350, 000 5, 600, 000 Italy 226, 900 60, 000 286, 900 Japan 1, 740, 000 393, 400 2, 133, 400 France 122, 000 470, 000 592, 000 Great Britain 305, 800 60, 600 366, 400 United States 405, 400 ----- 405, 400 Soviet Union 11, 000 6, 700, 000 17, 700, 000 China 1, 400, 000 8, 000 9, 400, 000 Axis Allies

War and the Homefront Recruiting and Discrimination • Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights • Question whether they should fight for democracy in other countries Dramatic Contributions • 300, 000 Mexican Americans join armed forces • *1 million African Americans serve; live, work in segregated units • 13, 000 Chinese Americans and 33, 000 Japanese Americans serve. • 25, 000 Native Americans enlist