WORLD WAR II AND THE HOLOCAUST World War

WORLD WAR II AND THE HOLOCAUST World War II Begins World War II The Home Front and Civilians

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS The German Path to War Why did this happen? Hitler’s beliefs Aryan race superior to all others Germany could build a great civilization Thus: Needed more land, where? The Soviet Union

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS Hitler Violates Treaty Which Treaty and How? Treaty of Versailles Hitler’s announced a new Air Force A military draft – expanding the army Violation Thus: Warnings are given

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS Hitler Violates Treaty What follows? German troops into the Rhineland Demilitarized elimination or prohibition of weapons, fortifications, and other military installations Thus: France could use force, do they? No, because Great Britain did not support this action

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS Hitler Violates Treaty Appeasement satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability Hitler was confident that the Western states that had signed the Treaty of Versailles would not mobilize their militaries to enforce it.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS New Alliances Discuss: Mussolini – Italy Rome-Berlin Axis Japan Anti-Comintern Pact promising a common front against communism.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS Union With Austria Discuss: Threatened Austria with invasion Hitler forced the Austrian chancellor to put Austrian Nazis in charge of the government Government promptly invited German troops After his triumphal return to his native land, Hitler annexed Austria to Germany

MUNICH CONFERENCE High point of Western appeasement of Hitler At the Munich Conference in 1938, representatives from Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and France agreed to allow Germany to take over the Sudetenland section of Czechoslovakia.

WINSTON CHURCHILL (1874 -1965) warned instead that the settlement at Munich was "a disaster of the first magnitude. ".

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS Demands and Appeasement Discuss: Destroy Czechoslovakia Thus: Hitler was willing to risk “World War” to achieve his objective Declared he would be known as the greatest German of all Western states reacted to the Nazi threat Great Britain helps Poland France and Britain reach out to the Soviet Union

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS Hitler and the Soviets Why? Can’t be surrounded France on the West and Soviet Union on the East Thus: Hitler and Stalin sign Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact Hitler attacks Poland Britain and France declare War on Germany

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS The Japanese Path to War How? Faked a raid on Mukden Disguised as Chinese soldiers Why? To justify taking over Manchuria An expansionist policy And to gain raw materials Japan seized Manchuria because Japan needed raw materials for its industries.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS The Japanese Path to War What follows the fake invasion? Investigation by the League of Nations Japan withdraws from the League Japan’s policy would be described as an expansionist policy. Expansion continues Military (army) is establishing policy

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS War With China Discuss: Chiang Kai-shek wanted to avoid conflict Needed to focus on the Chinese Communists Allowed Japan to govern areas in north China Did this Work?

BOMBING OF SHANGHAI Japanese troops invaded China in 1937. By December, Japanese forces had taken Shanghai and Nanjing. destroyed the city and massacred more than 100, 000 civilians and prisoners of war. The event was so brutal it became known as the "Rape of Nanjing. " China and the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact in August of 1937, after which China received aid from the Soviet Union to defend the country against Japan.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS The New Asian Order Discuss: Goal was a New Order with Japan leading Japan – Manchuria – China Seize Soviet Siberia Japan and Germany align with each other So, what is next?

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS Japan Launches Attack Discuss: Couldn’t go Southward Attack on China had already prompted criticism Especially with the United States

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS Japan Launches Attack Sanctions restrictions intended to enforce international law Thus: A dilemma leading to A surprise attack on the U. S.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II Europe at War Discuss: Blitzkrieg “lightning war” a swift and sudden military attack; used by the Germans during World War II

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II Hitler’s Early Victories Discuss: Blitzkrieg against Denmark and Norway Attacks against Netherlands, Belgium and France French and British forces taken by surprise Troops trapped on the beaches of Dunkirk French sign an armistice British resolve heightened.

FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT (18821945) President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced the aggressors, but the United States followed a strict policy of isolationism. a policy of national isolation by abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations A series of neutrality acts (the refusal to take sides or become involved in wars between other nations), passed in the 1930 s, prevented the United States from taking sides/becoming involved in any European wars. Roosevelt was convinced that the neutrality acts actually encouraged Axis aggression and were gradually relaxed as the United States supplied food, ships, planes, and weapons to Britain. "

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II The Battle of Britain Discuss: Germany could succeed amphibiously So: Luftwaffe – the German Air Force German planes bombed British air and naval bases, harbors, communication centers and war industries.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II The Battle of Britain Massive bombing of British cities, why? The purpose of bombing cities in World War II was to frighten civilians and weaken morale. Thus, Governments bombed the civilian populations of their enemies because they believed it would force their enemies to make peace.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II Attack on the Soviet Union Discuss: Britain only fighting because they felt the Soviet would come to their support Thus: Hitler needed to smash the Soviets He had the political cooperation of Hungary – Bulgaria – Romania Quickly gaining ground

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II Attack on the Soviet Union The invasion begins: Quickly gaining ground Capturing 2 million Russian troops Ukraine – City of Leningrad Approaching within 25 miles of Moscow So, they win? No, An early winter and fierce Soviet resistance Halted the German advance – They had been stopped

PEARL HARBOR Pearl Harbor was an American naval base on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. On December 7, 1941, Japanese fighter planes unexpectedly attacked the base, causing extensive damage to planes and ships and killing many American military personnel. Thus, The event of bombing Pearl Harbor led the United States to enter World War II. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor caused the United States to enter the war.

PEARL HARBOR Nearly 3, 600 Americans, almost all of them military personnel, were killed or wounded. Of those killed, almost half were crew members aboard the USS Arizona. In comparison, the death toll from the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was approximately 3, 000. About 1, 800 people lost their lives when Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans and the Gulf Coast in 2005.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II Japan at War Discuss: Pearl Harbor has been bombed “Community” of Nations Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Liberate southeast Asia from Western colonial rule Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō

FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT (18821945) In 1941, Tōjō became the prime minister, ruling Japan largely as a dictator. Tōjō ordered successful attacks on Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and many islands of the eastern Pacific, and led the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. However, by 1944 Japan was losing territory, and it was clear that Tōjō’s strategy was no longer working. Following Japan’s surrender in 1945, Tōjō was charged with war crimes, found guilty by an international court, and executed in 1946.

PEARL HARBOR Of the more than 90 American ships stationed at or near Pearl Harbor on December 7, 21 were damaged or destroyed in the Japanese attack. That number includes all eight of the battleships stationed in the harbor, three of the American cruisers present that day, and three destroyers.

PEARL HARBOR The figure given for the U. S. on the graph does not include the 159 aircraft damaged, but not destroyed, during the raid.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II Japan at War Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō: The Roosevelt administration, he thought, would now accept Japanese domination of the Pacific So, now what? Attack on Pearl Harbor unified America The United States joined with European nations and Nationalist China Hitler declared war on the United States four days after Pearl Harbor As in World War I, another European conflict had turned into a global war

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II The Allies Advance Discuss: A new coalition The Grand Alliance Great Britain – United States – Soviet Union Axis Powers Germany – Italy – Japan

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II The Allies Advance What was the focus for the Grand Alliance? An unconditional surrender (no favorable conditions) by the Axis Powers So: The Allies (Grand Alliance) agreed to fight until the Axis powers surrendered without any favorable conditions stipulated that Germany had to surrender unconditionally to the Allies.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II The European Theater Discuss: Defeat is a not a vision by Hitler Japan advances in Southeast Asia and the Pacific North Africa German victory Successes in Soviet Union – Crimea Tides turn in 1942

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II The Tides Turn Discuss: Britain's success in North Africa Germans retreat British and U. S. forces the German and Italian surrender Eastern Front Germans surrender at Stalingrad Hitler sees that he can not defeat the Soviets

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II The Asian Theater Discuss: American naval forces stopped the Japanese advance The Battle of Midway Island U. S. General Douglas Mac. Arthur Advance through the Philippines via New Guinea and South Pacific Islands Another across the Pacific with U. S. Army – Marines – Navy “Island Hopping campaign” in order to get close enough to mainland Japan to take over.

A group of U. S. fighter planes fly over the reefs at Midway Island, November 14, 1942. Midway Island was a U. S. base during World War II. (Mr. Cannon has been to Midway)

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS The Mobilization of Four Nations Discuss: Widespread Mobilization.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS The Soviet Union Discuss: The Great Patriotic War – German-Soviet War Greatest land battles in history Leningrad (present-day St. Petersburg) – 900 -day siege Starvation Relocation of factories.

Soviet Propaganda Poster: “We Will Rebuild” “We Defended Leningrad! We Will Restore It!” Soviet workers dismantled and shipped the factories to the interior - Urals, western Siberia and the Volga regions. Machines were placed on the bare ground. Laborers began their work, walls went up around them

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS The Soviet Union Additionally: “battle of machines” 78, 000 tanks – 98, 000 artillery pieces 1943: 55 percent of the Soviet national income went for war materials Compared to 15 percent in 1940 Thus: citizens experienced severe shortages of food and housing

Soviet Ladies in the war effort: Soviet women and girls work in industries, mines and railroads was crucial. Additionally, they dug antitank trenches and worked as air-raid wardens. Some women were military as snipers or in aircrews of bomber squadrons

Women in the U. S. Workforce: What do you see? Your efforts in the defense industry are necessary to win the war change the feminine ideal from obedient and delicate to confident and strong encouraged American women to participate in the war effort Faced with labor shortages propaganda campaigns targeted women, encouraging them to enter the work force Why is this needed? At the height of war production, the country was building 6 ships a day and 96, 000 planes per year

Created in the early 1940 s by the War Services Project of the Work Projects Administration (WPA): What do you see? Shows a family ready to assist the war effort on the home front. During World War II, citizens collected basic materials such as metals and rubber for use in the manufacturing of war equipment. Rationing So the military would have enough for soldiers families planted "victory gardens" to produce food for the military and to supplement their own diets

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS The United States Mobilization: Social Turmoil New Factories – Boomtowns Created worked, yet: Shortage of housing and food 16 million men and women in the military

African Americans In 1941 an executive order outlawed racial discrimination in the American defense industry, due to a shortage of labor. One million African Americans joined the military serving in segregated units. By 1944, nearly two million African. Americans manufactured military equipment Over one million African Americans moved to cities in the North and West to find jobs Thus: Racial tensions and even racial riots In Detroit in June 1943, white mobs roamed the streets attacking African Americans.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS Germany Homefront: Cheering to silence in the streets Economic Policies Hitler did not increase armaments production because he did not want to ruin citizens’ morale.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS Germany Loses to the Russians and the U. S. entry into the war causes: Economic changes Massive increase in armaments – army increase Total mobilization of the economy in July 1944 (military focused) Schools – Theaters – Cafes: all closed

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS Japan Highly mobilized society: Government controlled economy A planning board to control Prices – Wages – Labor – Resources Traditional habits of obedience and hierarchy were used, thus: Citizens sacrificed resources and sometimes their lives for the national cause Kamikaze

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS The Bombing of Cities Discuss this tactic: Military Targets – Enemy Troops – Civilian Populations Leading to a public outcry Long range aircraft Lower Morale Force enemy to make peace Governments bombed the civilian populations of their enemies because they believed it would force their enemies to make peace.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS The Bombing of Cities - Britain Discuss: London first city to be bombed Nightly for months Thousands killed or injured Enormous damage to buildings Yet: Morale remained high

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS Britain Blitz: A National experience – Spread to other cities Keeping high morale set the standard for others

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS The Bombing of Cities - Germany Discuss: Britain thought raids would break civilian morale and bring victory An element of terror to the dire circumstances Shortages of food – clothing – Fuel Buildings destroyed – Civilian casualties

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS The Bombing of Cities - Japan Discuss: U. S. B-29 Superfortresses Industry destroyed 1/4 th of housing destroyed Mobilization of all people: 13 to 60 into the People’s Volunteer Corps Atomic Bomb

WORLD WAR II AND THE HOLOCAUST The New Order and Holocaust WW II Ends

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The New Order in Europe Discuss the area and ruling tactics: 1942: the Nazi regime stretched across continental Europe from the English Channel (west) to the outskirts of Moscow (east) Largely organized in one of two ways: Annexation – Poland Local Collaborators – Most of Europe Germany ruled some areas such as Poland through direct annexation, but most of occupied Europe was run by German officials with the use of local collaborators

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The New Order in Europe Additionally: Nazi administration was especially ruthless “Living space” for German expansion Lands populated by racially inferior Slavic peoples Thus, Japan and German both had ambitions for expansion which paved the way to World War II.

The New Order in Europe Who focused on the New Order: In charge of German resettlement plans the beginning of Hitler’s goal of a German empire Move the Slavic people out and replace with Germans Czech – Polish - Serbo-Croatian – Slovene – Ukrainian HEINRICH HIMMLER Hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were brought in to colonize the German provinces in Poland.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The New Order in Europe Labor in Germany: Poles – Ukrainians – Russians Removed and become slave labor The Germans increased their workforce by using citizens from conquered countries. 1944: 7 million European workers labored in Germany - approximately 20 percent of the labor force Another 7 million workers were forced to labor for the Nazis in their own countries on farms, in industries and in military camps.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The New Order in Europe Results of Forced Labor in Germany: Disrupted industrial production in the occupied countries the brutal way in which Germany recruited foreign workers led more and more people to resist the Nazi occupation forces the military force occupying a country or the policies carried out by it

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The Holocaust Discuss: No aspect of the Nazi New Order was more terrifying than the deliberate attempt to exterminate the Jews Aryans, who were the creators of human cultural development Jews: Hitler blamed for Germany’s defeat in World War I and the Depression. Himmler and the SS closely shared Hitler’s racial ideas

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The Holocaust Thus: Final Solution to the Jewish problem Genocide the deliberate mass murder or physical extinction of a particular racial, religious, political, or cultural group

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The Einsatzgruppen Discuss: Reinhard Heydrich Administer the Final Solution A special strike forces: Einsatzgruppen

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The Einsatzgruppen Purpose/Responsibilities: Round up all Polish Jews and put them in ghettos, thus: Starvation - only minimal amounts of food June 1941, what happens? New job acting - mobile killing units Round up Jews - execute them - bury them in mass graves

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The Death Camps Beginning in 1942: Jews from countries occupied by Germany or sympathetic to Germany were rounded up and shipped to Poland Auschwitz (OWSH • VIHTS). About 30 percent of the new arrivals were sent to a labor camp Starved or worked to death Remainder went to the gas chambers Some were subjected to cruel and painful “medical” experiments

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The Death Camps Spring 1942: Death camps were in full operation First priority - elimination of the Polish ghettos Summer 1942: Jews from France, Belgium, and Holland

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The Death Camps 1944: Jews from Greece and Hungary In spite of Germany’s desperate military needs and facing defeat The Final Solution had priority in using railroad cars to ship Jews to the death camps Approximately 6 million Jews, more than 3 million of them in the death camps

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The Death Toll Discuss: Concentration camps: Large numbers were worked to death or subjected to deadly medical experiments Virtually 90 % of the Jewish populations of Poland, the Baltic countries & Germany were killed Overall, the Holocaust was responsible for the death of nearly two out of every three European Jews. So, The victims of the Holocaust included large numbers of European Jews.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The Death Toll Additionally: Deliberate death by shooting, starvation, or overwork 9 to 10 million non-Jewish people About 40 percent of Europe’s Roma were killed in the death camps Leading citizens of the Slavic peoples were arrested and killed Probably an additional 4 million Poles, Ukrainians, and Belorussians died as slave labor Finally, at least 3 to 4 million Soviet POWs were killed

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The Death Toll Additionally: Shoah a Hebrew word meaning “total destruction” People pretended not to notice what was happening Collaborators Helped the Nazis hunt down Jews Not until after the war did the full extent of the horror and inhumanity of the Holocaust impress itself upon people’s consciousness

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST The New Order in Asia Japan’s thoughts, why? Expansionist Policy - Need for raw materials Organized into the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere provide mutual benefits to the occupied areas and to Japan

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS Last Years of the War 1943: Tides Turn against Germany – Italy – Japan Axis forces surrender 13 May 1943 Allies crosses the Mediterranean – Carries the war to Italy

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The European Theater Actions in Italy: Sicily falls Mussolini is arrested – Germans liberate him Allies advance and take Rome Thus: The Allies invasion of France from Great Britain June 6, 1944

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The European Theater D-Day: Dwight D. Eisenhower U. S. forces land on Normandy beach – greatest naval invasion in history Why? Germans responded slowly Allied forces set up a beachhead Landing 2 million men and 500, 000 vehicles Allied forces pushed inland broke through German defensive lines

INVASION AT OMAHA BEACH Led by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley and carried out by the U. S. First Army Fought their way past hidden underwater mines, treacherous barbed wire and horrible machine gun fire on their way to Omaha Beach Around 6: 30 a. m. on June 6, 1944, seaborne troops made their way onto Normandy beaches. suffered more than 2, 000 casualties before securing a position inland

OMAHA BEACH June 6, 1944 Allied forces stormed ashore on Omaha Beach and elsewhere along the Normandy shoreline: Known as D-Day – a major turning point Allied airborne troops were the first to land, entering Normandy on the night of June 5. Cliffs 100 feet high overlooked Omaha Beach - troops had to scale these cliffs to move inland

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The European Theater 1944: Paris is liberated 1945: January - Battle of Bulge “bulge” the German attack caused in Allied lines Heavy losses suffered – Allied lines held March – Allies cross the Rhine River and advance into Germany

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The European Theater April 1945: Allies move along the Elbe River linking up with the Soviets Who had come a long way since Stalingrad in 1943 How? The westward advance:

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The European Theater Discuss the Russian advance Westward: Soundly defeated the German forces at the Battle of Kursk (July 5 to 12) Reoccupying the Ukraine by the end of 1943 Baltic states by early 1944 Warsaw in January 1945 Entered Berlin in April Meanwhile, Soviet troops along a southern front swept through Hungary – Romania – Bulgaria

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The European Theater Additionally: Liberated Concentration and Death Camps January 1945 Hitler had moved into a bunker 55 feet under the city of Berlin In his final political testament, Hitler blamed the Jews for the war

By 1944– 1945 Germany was losing the war and made desperate efforts to evacuate the concentration camps and hide the evidence On May 7, 1945 U. S. Third army liberated survivors of one of the biggest concentration camps at Ebensee, Austria SURVIVORS OF EBENSEE CONCENTRATION CAMP Survivors were emaciated from starvation and alleged scientific experiments

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The European Theater Finally: April 30, 1945 Hitler committed suicide May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered The war in Europe over

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The Asian Theater 1943: U. S. forces on the offensive Continued their island-hopping campaign 1945 Acquisition of Iwo Jima and Okinawa helped draw even closer to Japan Iwo Jima essential to the air war on Japan Capturing Iwo Jima would lessen the Japanese threat and aid in the invasion of Japan Controlling Okinawa would also provide them with a base near the Japan

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The Asian Theater What was the cost of Iwo Jima and Okinawa? Casualties were great on both sides Fear developed that even more losses if the war in the Pacific continued, thus: Harry S. Truman had a difficult decision

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The Asian Theater Explain his dilemma: The Manhattan Project Top-secret project – development of the atomic bomb Should he use the atomic bomb? Yes – No What would be his reasoning on the discussion? President Truman authorized dropping the atomic bomb on Japan because he thought an invasion would kill too many U. S. troops.

BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA On August 6, 1945, the U. S. Air Force dropped a nuclear bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima 350, 000 inhabitants – 190, 000 died On August 9, the U. S. Air Force dropped another nuclear bomb on Nagasaki Japan’s Emperor Hirohito unconditionally surrendered on August 14, 1945 ending World War II In the years since then many more thousands have died from the effects of radiation.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The Asian Theater Recap: The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the events that ended the war in the Pacific. The most direct result of President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb was Japan surrendered unconditionally. Additionally, President Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan saved the lives of American soldiers.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The Asian Theater World War II is finally over: Seventeen million had died in battle 20 million civilians had perished as well Total losses approximated at 60 million The Nuclear Age begins

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS The Asian Theater Discuss the Nuclear Age: Other countries raced to build their own nuclear weapons August 1949 Soviet Union sets off its first atomic bomb, starting an arms race with the United States that lasted for 40 years No what is in store for the World?

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS Peace and a New War Explain New War: No real peace – a period of political tensions The Cold War An ideological conflict: Cold War was based on mutual mistrust between the Soviet Union and the United States. Dominated world affairs until the end of the 1980 s

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS Peace and a New War How was Peace achieved? First meeting of the Big Three (the Grand Alliance) leaders Meet at Tehran in November 1943 to discuss strategy The final assault on Germany – an American-British invasion through France scheduled for the spring of 1944. Soviet and British-American forces would meet in defeated Germany Soviet forces would liberate Eastern Europe Allies also agreed to a partition of postwar Germanys

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS Peace and a New War How was Peace achieved? Second meeting of the Big Three powers Yalta in southern Russia in February 1945 The defeat of Germany was assured The Western powers now faced the reality of 11 million Soviet soldiers taking possession of Eastern Europe and much of central Europe

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS Peace and a New War Discuss Stalin’s concerns: Deeply suspicious of the Western powers Wanted a buffer to protect the Soviet Union from possible future Western aggression Meant establishing pro-Soviet governments along the Soviet Union’s borders. Roosevelt favored the idea of self-determination Help liberated Europe create "democratic institutions of their own choice“ Roosevelt also agreed to Stalin’s price for military aid against Japan

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS Peace and a New War United Nations: A major American concern Churchill and Stalin accepted Roosevelt’s plans for the United Nations First meeting of the new organization; United Nations, set for San Francisco in April 1945 The United Nations was created as a result of World War II.

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS Peace and a New War Discuss Germany and Eastern Europe: Big Three agreed to divide Germany into four zones one for each to occupy and to govern Stalin compromised and agreed to free elections in Poland Causing a serious split between the Soviets and Americans This split became more evident when the Big Three next met at Potsdam, Germany

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS Peace and a New War The Potsdam Conference; July 1945: Began in a cloud of mistrust President Harry S. Truman – demanded free elections in Eastern Europe Stalin responded: "A freely elected government in any of these East European countries would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow. " Stalin sought absolute security for the Soviets, thus: Free elections would threaten his goal of controlling Eastern Europe and expand Western Capitalism

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS Peace and a New War Trails: Leaders who had committed crimes against humanity during the war 1945 and 1946 Nazi leaders were tried and condemned at war crimes trials in Nuremberg, Germany War crimes trials were also held in Japan and Italy

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS Peace and a New War A New Struggle: Soviet policy (Stalin’s) was part of a worldwide Communist conspiracy Western; especially American, policy as nothing less than global capitalist expansionism Thus according to Churchill: "an iron curtain" had "descended across the continent, " dividing Europe into two hostile camps Only months after the world's most devastating conflict had ended, the world seemed to be bitterly divided once again

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS What do you Recall? What was President Truman’s philosophy for dropping the Atomic Bomb on Japan? An invasion would kill too many U. S. troops What event(s) ended the war? The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki This event caused? The unconditional surrender of Japan

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS What do you Recall? What was a contributing factor to the Cold War? Mutual mistrust between the U. S. and Soviets What new organization can out of World War II? United Nations Why did Stalin refuse free elections in Western Europe? Feared Western Capitalist expansion

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II ENDS What do you Recall? Winston Churchill compared postwar Soviet policy in Eastern Europe to a(n) Iron Curtain

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST What do you Recall? How did Germany rule their conquered lands? Direct annexation Local collaborators How did German supplement their workforce? Forced Labor: citizens from the conquered lands Who were victims of the Holocaust? European Jews

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – THE HOME FRONT AND CIVILIANS What do you Recall? Why did Hitler delay increasing armament production in the early years of the war? Did not want to weaken Germany citizen’s morale Why was the tactics of bombing civilian populations utilized? Lower morale Force the enemy to make peace

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II What do you Recall? What was the goal of the Allies (Grand Alliance)? Unconditional surrender No favorable conditions Why did the U. S. utilizing an “island hopping” tactic? To get close to Japan

WW II AND THE HOLOCAUST – WW II BEGINS What do you Recall? What were some reasons for Japan invading Manchuria? Expansion Policy Need for raw materials What best describes Japan’s policy? Expansion What was Hitler’s thoughts on the Western states on his actions? They would not mobilize

WW I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION – WW I BEGINS What do you Recall? Who declares war on Russia because of its full mobilization of it’s army? Germany

WW I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION – WW I BEGINS What do you Recall? What was a key component to heightening the rivalries of the European states? Competition for land; especially Africa What ethnic minorities wanted their own independent nations? Slavic minorities - Austro-Hungarian Empire - the Irish – the Poles How did industrialization affect the military warfare? New methods of shipbuilding and weapons

WW I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION – WW I What do you Recall? What did Trench Warfare cause? A stalemate on the Western Front The strip of land on the Western Front that separated the forces was know as No-man’s-land What was the different strategies between the Western and Eastern Fronts? Western – Trench warfare Eastern - Mobility

WW I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION – WW I What do you Recall? How did the war affect women? New jobs in different industries Why were these opportunities available? Men left for war and the work had to carry on Did jobs change at the end of the war for women? Yes Why? Lost jobs at end, because the men were returning

WW I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION – THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION What do you Recall? Why was Russia unprepared for war? Lack of competent military leaders A result of the abdication of Czar Nicholas II was Civil War (Revolution) Additionally, his abdication created a new government called Communist Government

WW I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION – WW I ENDS What do you Recall? A one condition of the Treaty of Versailles between Germany and France. Return Alsace and Lorraine to France Discuss provisions to Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles: Germany (and Austria) responsible for the war Reparations

WW I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION – WW I ENDS What do you Recall? List some complications faced during the Paris Peace Conference: Secret European agreements Wilson’s self-determination principle Territorial disputes between the Big Three

WW I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION – WW I ENDS What do you Recall? When did General Ludendorff realize that Germany had lost the war? The lose at the Second Battle of Marne What was a key position of President Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference? The League of Nations

THE WEST BETWEEN THE WARS – THE RISE OF DICTATORIAL REGIMES What do you Recall? What was a result of Stalin utilizing collectivization in Russia? Widespread famine What was a contributing factor to the fall of parliamentary systems (democracy) in Eastern Europe? Lack of democratic tradition

THE WEST BETWEEN THE WARS – THE RISE OF DICTATORIAL REGIMES What do you Recall? A method utilized by Mussolini to control the citizens in his Fascist government. Mass Propaganda What was the key goal of Stalin’s Five Year Plan? Transform Russia from Agrarian to Industrial What is collectivization? Private farms are eliminated and peasants work government owned farms

THE WEST BETWEEN THE WARS – INSTABILITY AFTER WW I What do you Recall? What was a primary cause of the Great Depression? U. S. stock market crash Hitler implemented public works projects and a rearmament program, thus ending Germany’s Depression – Economic woes – Unemployment The Postwar artistic style focused on fascination with the absurd and unconscious content of the mind. Surrealism

THE WEST BETWEEN THE WARS – INSTABILITY AFTER WW I What do you Recall? What was a key component of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany? Reparations A key component to the Dawes Plan. Reduce Germany’s Reparations Key element to the weakening of the League of Nations? U. S. did not join

THE WEST BETWEEN THE WARS – HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY What do you Recall? Describe the Nuremberg Laws. Excluded Jews from German citizenship Forbade mixed marriages (Jews and Germans) Describe Kristallnacht. Nazi lead rampage against the German Jews Why did the Nazis encourage radio usage? Key source for political messages

THE WEST BETWEEN THE WARS – HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY What do you Recall? What were strategies utilized by the SS to control the German People? Terror – Secret Police Concentration Camps Execution Squads What allowed Hitler and the Nazi Party to be accepted? Belief he had ended the country’s economic depression

THE WEST BETWEEN THE WARS – HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY What do you Recall? Hitler’s political theory involved? Nationalism and Racism Who wrote Mein Kampf? Adolf Hitler What was it? A book on his Political Philosophy