WORLD WAR II 1939 1945 PEARL HARBOR America

WORLD WAR II 1939 - 1945 真珠湾攻撃 PEARL HARBOR America Enters The War

THE SITUATION IN THE PACIFIC As the war was raging in Europe, Japan was still aggressively expanding its empire in Asia and the Pacific (what they called the “Greater Asian Co. Prosperity Sphere”) R In reality, this “co- prosperity” for all the people of Asia was really prosperity for Japan only R Japan intended to take its place as “Asia’s leading race” and they ruthlessly pursued that goal

GRABBING SUPPLIES TO MEET DEMAND Japan is a nation with a small amount of land; they lacked resources (like oil, steel, coal) Japan was in a lengthy war with China and needed these resources for its war machine The Japanese decided to attack Southeast Asia and islands in the Pacific to get those supplies

AMERICAN TERRITORIES IN ASIA Japan’s goal was to take Asian territories that were controlled by Europeans Japan wanted the French-controlled Indochina, Britishcontrolled Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies The United States had control of the Philippines, Guam, and other Pacific islands; Japan wanted control of them, too

TRYING TO STOP JAPAN President Roosevelt saw that Japan threatened U. S. territories Trying to stop Japanese advances, FDR cut off oil shipments to Japan FDR said that the U. S. would not sell oil or steel to Japan until they stopped attacking China and the rest of Asia Oil is the lifeblood of a war machine; without it, Japan could not continue its conquests

TOJO MAKES HIS VIEW CLEAR “If we yield to America’s demands, it will destroy the fruits of the China incident. ” General Hideki Tojo October 14, 1941

BACKING JAPAN INTO A CORNER With only 18 months’ worth of oil left, Japan had to decide what to do To give in to the U. S. would mean the end of conquest and humiliation for Japan recognized that the U. S. was the only force in the Pacific that could stop them Given a choice of giving in to the U. S. or fighting the U. S. , Japan plotted a war with the Americans

ADMIRAL ISOROKU YAMAMOTO Not every military leader was like Tojo and wanted war with America Admiral Yamamoto, leader of the Navy, knew of America’s huge industrial power and knew Japan could not match it He knew Japan could not last in a long-term war with the U. S. However, his orders were to plan an attack on America, so that is what Yamamoto did

THE U. S. PREPARES TO DEFEND AGAINST JAPANESE ATTACK… BUT FROM WHERE? The U. S. knew an attack from Pearl Harbor was Japan was likely, but they thought the U. S. Navy’s the Japanese would go after Guam main base in the or the Philippines Pacific The U. S. military did They were wrong: Japan not think Japan wanted to destroy the U. S. would be able to pull Navy with one massive attack, off an attack there so Pearl Harbor WAS the target If it came to war with Japan, the U. S. wanted them to make the first aggressive move, but they never put Pearl Harbor on alert, expecting attack elsewhere

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 7 th, 1941 JAPAN MAKES ITS MOVE

THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR

WHAT HAPPENED ON DECEMBER 7 th, 1941? Coming from an unexpected direction in the north, Japanese carriers sent 200 Japanese planes to attack the navy base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii The U. S. had most of its Pacific fleet stationed there: over 75 ships and over 400 planes ADMIRAL NAGUMO, COMMANDER OF THE PEARL HARBOR ATTACK At 8 AM, the Japanese planes swarmed into Pearl Harbor

THE JAPANESE PLANES The new Japanese fighter plane was called the “Zero”. It was faster and more maneuverable than other planes of its time. Therefore, it was a very potent weapon, perfect for the lethally skilled Japanese pilots. This was one of the three types of planes the Japanese used to attack Pearl Harbor. The other two types were “Val” bombers and “Kate” torpedo planes.

THE JAPANESE PILOTS THE PILOTS OF JAPAN WERE RIGOROUSLY TRAINED, TREMENDOUSLY SKILLED, AND UTTERLY DEDICATED TO SERVING THEIR EMPEROR. THEY WERE FAR MORE DANGEROUS THAN THE AMERICANS REALIZED.

PREPARING FOR ATTACK Japanese naval planes prepare to take off from an aircraft carrier to attack Pearl Harbor during the morning of December 7 th, 1941. The plane in the foreground is a "Zero" fighter.

PREPARING FOR ATTACK A Japanese torpedo plane takes off from the aircraft carrier Shokaku, en route to attack Pearl Harbor

THE TARGET An especially important target for the Japanese was “Battleship Row”, where the several of the most powerful U. S. battleships were parked together

THE TARGET

THE PLAN OF ATTACK The plan was to approach from an unexpected direction (north) in more than one wave. The waves of attacking planes would move in an hour or so apart from each other.

APPROACHING PEARL HARBOR The view from the cockpit of a Japanese plane as the first wave makes its way to Pearl Harbor

7: 55 AM SUNDAY, DECEMBER 7 th, 1941 THE ATTACK IS IMMINENT A painting that depicts the first wave of Japanese fighters, bombers, and torpedo planes as they home in on Pearl Harbor

“TORA!” As he led the first wave of planes, Captain Fuchida Mitsuo radioed the code words for attack: “Tora!” “Tora” means “tiger”, which was the code word given by the air commander that signaled his planes to begin the assault

THE ATTACK BEGINS The view from one of the Japanese bombers as the attack begins on Pearl Harbor. At the bottom of the picture is Battleship Row.

THE ATTACK BEGINS By attacking on a Sunday morning, the Japanese wanted to catch the Americans relaxed and off-guard The Japanese sent two waves of planes an hour apart from each other to bomb the Americans When the Japanese Zeroes flew in to Pearl Harbor, the American sailors were completely unprepared

The black and red lines indicate the two different attack waves. The first was just before 8: 00 AM, the second was just before 9: 00 AM.

The U. S. ships were anchored close to each other and the planes were parked wingtip-to-wingtip They were easy targets for the Japanese bomber and torpedo planes By 10 AM, the attack on Pearl Harbor was over The first wave did terrible damage to the airfields, planes, and a half-dozen ships The second wave went after ships that were undamaged by the first wave

DEATH OF A FLEET

ASSAULT ON BATTLESHIP ROW

ASSAULT ON BATTLESHIP ROW

ASSAULT ON BATTLESHIP ROW

THE AIRFIELDS ARE HIT

THE AFTERMATH PEARL HARBOR IN RUINS

BURNING BATTLESHIPS

RESCUING THE SURVIVORS DOCKYARD WORKERS AND CIVILIAN VOLUNTEERS RUSH TO HELP THE WOUNDED, RESCUE TRAPPED SAILORS, AND PUT OUT FIRES

THE DAMAGE DONE

THE DAMAGE DONE 23 American ships were damaged and about 200 aircraft were destroyed. However, only 2 ships were total losses

THE COST IN BLOOD KILLED WOUNDED ARMY: 218 364 NAVY: 2008 710 MARINES: 109 69 68 35 CIVILIANS: In the attack on Pearl Harbor, a total of 2403 people were killed and a total of 1178 people were wounded

THE NEXT DAY’S HEADLINES

“A DATE WHICH WILL LIVE IN INFAMY” President Roosevelt made a speech before Congress, asking them to approve the declaration of war on Japan With only one dissenting vote, Congress approved war FDR SIGNS THE DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST JAPAN After years of isolation and neutrality, the United States was now in the middle of World War II

FDR’s speech is legendary: “Yesterday, December 7 th, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people, in their righteous might, will win through to absolute victory. ” FDR called Japan’s attack “unprovoked” and “dastardly”

The attack was a tactical victory for Japan, but was a strategic disaster for their long-term goals By attacking the U. S. , Japan brought the world’s greatest industrial power against them Admiral Yamamoto said, “I fear all we have done is awaken a sleeping giant. ” Also, the Japanese were hoping to destroy the American aircraft carriers, but none of them were there at Pearl Harbor at the time of the attack; this enabled the U. S. to fight back quickly

The Japanese failed to anticipate how the American public would react to the attack After Pearl Harbor, Americans were furious Before, most Americans were unwilling to get involved in another foreign war Now, Americans were united and had one goal: destroying the enemy

As bad as the attack was, it could have been much worse Since the attack took place in shallow water, several of And since it was a Sunday, many the sunken ships were sailors were not on their ships, raised and later repaired thus avoiding being killed

“REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR!” BECAME AMERICA’S BATTLE CRY

THE ATTACK UNITES AMERICA AS NEVER BEFORE American industrial might was just as important as military might in this war.

BITTER ANTI-JAPANESE FEELINGS ARE STIRRED UP

PEARL HARBOR WAS NOT THE ONLY PLACE JAPAN ATTACKED At the same time that Pearl Harbor was hit, Japan attacked several other American and British territories in Asia British forces were routed and driven almost entirely out of Asia This would leave the U. S. alone to fight Japan in the Pacific The Japanese, who thought Americans were soft and weak, thought they would easily win

AMERICANS AND FILIPINOS ARE DEFEATED JAPANESE TROOPS CELEBRATE THE DEFEAT OF THE AMERICAN AND FILIPINO TROOPS NEAR A CAPTURED ARTILLERY PIECE

After a long battle, isolated 80, 000 surrendered to the American and Filipino Japanese, who then forced their soldiers were defeated prisoners to march 65 miles in scorching heat to a camp Given no food or water and randomly tortured and beaten by the Japanese, 30, 000 did not survive This atrocity became known as the Bataan Death March

The Japanese viewed surrender as weakness The Japanese brutally mistreated them, often humiliating, beating, torturing, and murdering prisoners for enjoyment Therefore, the Japanese had no respect for their prisoners The Bataan Death March was the Americans’ first experience with Japanese brutality towards prisoners

STRENGTHENING AMERICAN RESOLVE Stories of Japanese brutality stirred up hatred of the enemy and motivated Americans to do all they could to defeat Japan

DOOLITTLE’S RAID After Pearl Harbor, Japan won several battles in the Pacific With American morale low, FDR wanted to launch an attack on Japan’s mainland An experienced pilot, Lt. Colonel James Doolittle, was given the task of retaliating against Japan The idea was to strike a psychological blow on Japan and raise American morale

DOOLITTLE’S RAID Doolittle’s bombers flew off of two aircraft carriers and attacked Japan The bombers hit several random targets, both military and civilian Although the damage was minimal, the psychological effect on Japan was severe The Japanese thought that the Americans would never be able to attack them directly; they were wrong

Doolittle’s raid was not flawless Several pilots were captured and executed Most of the intended targets were missed But, the raid was a success overall: it gave a much-needed boost to American morale and hurt Japan’s

THE ALLIES THE AXIS UNITED STATES GERMANY GREAT BRITAIN JAPAN SOVIET UNION ITALY AFTER PEARL HARBOR, THESE COUNTRIES WERE THE MAIN COMBATANTS OF WORLD WAR II

The Pearl Harbor attack ended American neutrality and united them in the war effort A bloody new front in World War II was opened This made the war a true world-wide conflict

A MEMORIAL TO THE FALLEN