World War I The Last Great War Recipe

World War I “The Last Great War”

Recipe for War n Nationalism n “We’re better than you are” n Every country feels as though it is the best n Example - The French were taught to want revenge for the loss of Alsace. Lorraine.

Nationalities in 1914

Imperialism n Competition between France, Great Britain, Germany and, Italy in Africa. n Disputes between Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Serbia over the condition of the Balkans.

Imperialism Continued… Russia wanted Serbia as the core of an independent Slavic state -Yugoslavia. “Pan-Slavism” Unification and cooperation of all Slavic people. This could provide the Russians with access to warm water ports. n Austria-Hungary viewed the Balkans as potential colonial territory. n

Recipe for War n Militarism n support of the armed forces if you have the military, use it nsolve problems by fighting n n Navy Race HMS Dreadnaught - England first modern battleship n. Westfalen - Germany - copied from English n

Militarism Cont… n Germany & Great Britain - Naval arms race. This was a major competition in naval construction and technology. It represented a serious threat to Great Britain’s naval supremacy. It was the first time Germany could potentially threaten Britain’s trade on the high seas.

HMS Dreadnaught firstworldwar. com

Recipe for War n Alliances n Triple Alliance (Central Powers) n 1879 - Dual Pact - Germany and Austria-Hungary sign treaty n 1882 - become Triple Alliance when Italy joins n Reasons n Germany won't have to fight a twofront war n keep France isolated

Recipe for War n Alliances n Triple Entente (Allied Powers) n 1894 - France and Russia agree to help one another if the Triple Alliance attacks the other n 1904 - Entente - friendly agreement between France and England n 1907 - Triple Entente - England Russia sign agreement

Recipe for War n Uncompromising n Kaiser n Very Leader Wihelm II undiplomatic n. Takes overseas land n. Angers English and French n Becomes involved in French. Moroccan Affairs

Recipe for War n Kaiser n Fires Wilhelm II (con’t) Otto van Bismark n. Worked under Kaiser Wilhelm I n. Great diplomat and peacekeeper n. Helped unify Germany

Kaiser Wilhelm II firstworldwar. com

Recipe for War n Territorial Tension n Poland n. Doesn’t exist n. Split between Germany and Russia causes tension between: n Germans and Russians n Germans and Poles n Russians and Poles

Recipe for War n Territorial Tension (con’t) n Balkans n. Seen as “Little Brothers” by Russia n. Germany Builds Berlin to Baghdad Railroad n Balkan NOT People like it, Russia DOES

Economics n Great Britain felt threatened by Germany’s rapid industrial and economic growth (Germany’s factories were out-producing Britain’s) n Britain feared Germany may cut off necessary naval trade routes to England.

The Spark n Sarajevo, Bosnia – 6/28/1914 n Archduke Franz Ferdinand gives a speech in Sarajevo n. First attempt at assassination fails n. Goes back the way he came

Franz and Family firstworldwar. com

The Spark n Gavrillo Princip n Member of “Black Hand” n Sees Ferdinand’s Car n. Fires two shoots from 5 feet n. Kills Ferdinand his wife n. Tries to kill himself but fails

Franz’s Funeral firstworldwar. com

European Hokey. Pokey “You put all of Europe in, You take all of Europe out, You put all of Europe in And shake it all about”

July 23, 1914 n Austria-Hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbia n Allow A-H forces in Serbia to suppress terrorist groups n Allow A-H to investigate assassination n 9 other demands n 48 hours to comply

July 25, 1914 n Serbia issues apology, but refuses terms of ultimatum

July 28, 1914 n Austria-Hungary Serbia declares war on

July 30, 1914 n Russia mobilizes troops against Austria-Hungary and Germany n Checked with France first and was assured of French support

July 31, 1914 n Germany issues ultimatums to Russia and France: n Russia – stand down; demobilize n France – 18 hours to declare neutrality

August 1, 1914 n Germany declares war on Russia

August 3, 1914 n Germany Declares war on France n Germany asks permission to have military travel through Belgium n Denied by Belgium n. Germany invades Belgium n England protests German invasion of Belgium

August 4, 1914 n England declares war on Germany n. Now Everyone is involved. Or are they?

Others Join In n Central Powers n Bulgaria – hates Serbia & Romania n. Declares 10/1915 War on Serbia – n Ottoman Empire- Hates Russia & Romania n. Declares 8/1916 War on Romania –

Others Join In n Allied Powers n Italy n. Declares “free agency” – will join the side that give them the best offer n. Signs Treaty of London – 1915 n Gets: South Tyrol, Trieste, Dalmation Islands, African Colonies, some Ottoman land

Others Join In n Romania n Enters 1916, quickly beaten and leaves n Re-enters 11/10/1918 n Japan n Honors treaties n Takes German holdings in East n Eyeing China

The Fighting n Schlieffen n German n. Invade Plan battle plan France in case of war n Assumed: n Russia would be slow n Six weeks to beat France n Little/no resistance from Belgium

The Fighting n Schlieffen Plan (con’t) n Failed n. Heavy resistance in Belgium n. Russia moves quickly

The Fighting n Trench n Two Warfare parallel trench – 500 miles long n “No-mans’ Land’ in between n. Littered with land mines, barbed wire, bodies, etc.

The Fighting n Trench n How Warfare (con’t) fought n. Shell opponents line for hours/days n. Charge “over the top” n. Hand to hand combat in the other trench

Trenches firstworldwar. com

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Artillery firstworldwar. com

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Gas Attack fristworldwar. com

Effects of Gas firstworldwar. com

The Fighting n Problems n Machine with Trench Warfare guns mow down soldiers n Western front moves 10 miles in 4 years

On the Sea

On the Sea n Germany uses Submarines n Up to 1915 – only War Boats n After 1915 – any boat n. Temporarily stops when they sink the Lusitania, a passenger ship

Lusitania

On the Sea n England blockades German ports n Violation of International Law?

USA Gets Involved n Germany Uses Unrestricted Submarine Warfare n Announces they will sink any commercial boat going to Europe – 2/1/1917 n. Wilson breaks off relations n. March 1917 – 4 US boats sunk

U-Boat

USA Gets Involved n Zimmermann March 1917 n Germany Telegram – promises Mexico n. Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if they attack USA n. Intercepted by USA n REAL? ? ? ? ?

USA Gets Involved n April 2, 1917 – Wilson asks for a Declaration of War

Manipulation n With a stalemate at the front, both sides try to create problems behind enemy lines by getting people to revolt

Manipulation n Central n Irish Powers provoke: in Britain n Flemings in Belgium n Poles in Russia n Ukrainians in Russia n Muslims in Egypt, India, and North Africa (British areas)

Manipulation n Allied Powers provoke: n Czechs in Austria-Hungary n Slovaks in Austria-Hungary n South Slavs in Austria-Hungary n Arabs in Turkey

Manipulation

Turning Points n Convoys n Cluster of merchant ships protected by war ships n Zig-Zagged across the Atlantic n. Reduces boats damage done by U-

Turning Points

Turning Points n Allies unify command under Ferdinand Foch n One commander reduces confusion – one set of orders

Ferdinand Foch firstworldwar. com

Turning Points n America n 250, 000 troops per month to Europe n Industrial strength provides material n. Allows counter-attack

Trouble for the Central Powers n Turkey pushed from Middle East n Surrendered October 30, 1918 n Austria-Hungary surrenders during the first week of November 1918

Trouble for the Central Powers n Germany stands alone: n Morale very low in military n Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates – November 9, 1918 n Armistice signed November 11, 1918

Treaty of Versailles n Germany is blamed for the war Told they have to pay reparations to the Triple Entente n Give Alsace Loraine to France n Give Saar Coal Mines to France n Get rid of Navy n Very small army n Not military build up n

Treaty of Versailles n Many new states emerge after WWI based on the idea of self determination n Countries are mainly based on language and shared culture n Ireland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia, Turkey, etc. n Most of the Middle East is placed under British and French Mandate n Ethnic and religious conflict

League of Nations n Organization of Countries, put in place to solve disputes peacefully or send troops if necessary Woodrow Wilson suggested the League n Congress refuses to join to avoid entangling alliances n Without involvement of USA, it has not true power n