World War I The Great War I The

World War I The Great War

I. The Road to War A. Underlying Causes of War in Europe 1. nationalism –great pride in your nation a. different national groups tried to break from Austria-Hungary 2. imperialism –competing over territories 3. Militarism –glorification of military led to nations building up their armed forces 4. Alliances –secret treaties among countries a. Triple Alliance –Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

The Two Sides Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Triple Entente England France Russia Allied Powers England, France, Russia, United States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Switzerland

ARCHDUKE FERDINAND HIS WIFE

B. War Begins-Immediate Cause 1. Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia a. Gavrilo Princip, Serbian National –killed Ferdinand his wife June 28, 1914 2. Declaration of War against Serbia by Austria. Hungary July 29, 1914 a. Serbia protected by Russia b. Alliances- brought in other countries 1. Allied Powers –France, Great Britain, Russia 2. Central Powers –Germany, Italy, Austria-

WHO DECLARED WAR ON WHOM • • • Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia Russia Declares War on Austria Hungary Germany Declares War on Russia Germany Declares War on France England Declares War on Germany and Austria Hungary

C. The Deadliest War 1. First Battle of the Marne a. Sept. 1914, German offensive stopped in France by French and British troops on the Western Front 1. led to stalemate or deadlock a. Trench Warfare –soldiers settled in long ditches on either side of No Man’s Land fired at each other

TRENCH WARFARE • TRENCH WARFARE

2. New Technology as Weapons a. airplanes- initially used for scouting b. Tanks –used by both sides c. Machine guns-used by both sides d. Gas –chlorine and mustard gas-most feared e. Flame Throwers –Germans used these to terrorize Allied troops f. U-boat –German Submarine D. American Neutrality 1. President Wilson called for neutrality 2. Ethnic groups in U. S. supported their homelands

Technology: Chemical Weapons WWI was the first major war to use chemical weapons Mustard Gas and Chlorine Gas were the two most popular weapons: They caused suffocation, blindness, and death

Soldiers would protect themselves using Gas Masks

WORLD WAR I FIRSTS • WORLD WAR I FIRSTS

3. Propaganda-spread of information designed to win support for a cause a. British pictured Germans as savages 4. Supplying the Allies a. U. S. firms sold to both sides b. Britain blockaded our ships c. Wilson makes agreement with Britain to buy more from them to make up for loss of German market

E. Entering the War 1. The Lusitania, British passenger liner, sunk by German U-boat. Over 100 Americans killed a. Americans angry; German promises to not sink passenger ships 2. Wilson fight to keep peace with his reelection slogan “He kept us out of the war. ” 3. Zimmermann Telegram- British intercept telegram to Mexico from Germany’s foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman

a. he asked Mexico to join on Germany’s side; Germany would help them get back lands lost to U. S. A (of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas) b. Americans furious c. Germans sink 3 more American merchant ships 4. Russian Revolution-Bolsheviks overthrow Czar, who was a tyrant- U. S. now feels comfortable to join the Allies March 1917 5. Wilson declares war on 4/2/17

SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA • lusitania

II. Supporting the War Effort A. Building the Military 1. mobilization- prepare for war 2. Selective Service Act- all men between 21 -30 had to register for military- 4 million served 3. Women in the Military-served in US Army and the Navy Nurse Corps a. Rep. Jeanette Rankin -first female elected to Congress opposed the war b. Carrie Chapman Catt- urged women to volunteer to help their drive to win the vote

4. Diversity in US Armed Forces a. 1 in 5 recruits were born in foreign lands b. Native Americans, who were not yet citizens, volunteered instead c. African Americans- faced official segregation and racism d. illiteracy- unable to read or write - 1 in 4 draftees were illiterate 1. military taught millions to fight, read, have proper nutrition and hygiene

B. Managing the War Effort 1. Food Administration- headed by Herbert Hoover a. Americans had “wheatless Mondays” and “meatless Tuesdays” b. victory gardens- people grew own veggies 2. War Production a. War Industries Board -Bernard Baruch headed the WIB 1. government controlled production of goods 2. women and African Americans took over traditional white male jobs

3. Shaping Public Opinion a. Committee of Public Information- created to push the war effort headed by George Creel 1. liberty bonds sold to finance the war b. Suppressed Dissent 1. Espionage Act and Sedition Acts- closed newspapers and jailed those who expressed anti-war views 2. German-Americans were harassed

III. Americans at War A. Allies were struggling and needed American goods 1. convoys- large group of merchant ships sailed together with military bodyguard 2. American Expeditionary Force- under John J. Pershing- American forces separated from Allies B. Russia makes peace with Germany 1. Vladimir Lenin, wanted to make Russia communist, and out of the war a. signed peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk b. This hurt Allies because the Germans could

C. Major U. S. Battles 1. Chateau-Thierry - 50 miles from Paris, France a. U. S. troops now join under French army 2. Belleau Wood- first major battle for U. S. troops a. heavy casualties, but drove Germans out 3. Argonne Forest- Allied offensive vs. weakened German Army D. Armistice- halt in the fighting called for 1. Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany abdicates throne 2. Germany punished by France and Britain 3. Nov. 11, 1918 official end of war

EFFECTS OF WAR • Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates on November 9 th 1918 • 11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month in 1918 Germany agrees to a cease-fire • 8. 5 million soldiers dead • 21 million soldiers wounded • Cost of 338 billion dollars

IV. Search for Peace-Paris Peace Conference A. Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points plan-peace without victory 1. Wilson’s peace plan included: a. self-determination-right of a group to decide its own form of government b. peacekeeping organization- League of Nations

B. Big Four- meet to make Treaty of Versailles 1. Included: a. USA – Woodrow Wilson b. France – Georges Clemenceau c. England- David Lloyd George d. Italy- Vittorio Orlando 1. Central Powers NOT included 2. ALL but Wilson wanted to punish Germany

2. Treaty of Versailles terms a. War Guilt -Germany pays reparations-payments to cover war damages and accept blame for war b. Germany loses territories and colonies in Europe c. limited size of Germany’s military. d. break up of German, Austrian, and Ottoman Empire (Middle East) e. legacy of bitterness and betrayal for Germany f. League of Nations peacekeeping organization 1. Wilson agreed to Versailles in order to get this

C. Battle over League of Nations 1. Wilson asked U. S. Senate to approve Treaty a. his main push was the League of Nations 2. Henry Cabot Lodge- Sen. From Massachusetts fought the League of Nations a. felt it inhibited U. S. independence from others 3. Wilson took the battle to people on nationwide tour. a. suffers massive stroke; treaty does not pass b. U. S. signs separate treaty with Central Powers in 1921

D. Postwar USA 1. Influenza (flu) outbreak due to troop movement killed ½ million Americans 2. Union strikes after soldiers return looking for jobs. 3. Red Scare- fear of communism due to Bolshevik Revolution in Russia a. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer deported (returned to homelands) immigrants suspected of radical ideas END OF NOTES

E. Russian Revolution 1. Czar Nicholas II –leader of Russia a. people revolt against the Czar and the war 2. March, 1917 –Nicholas abdicates his throne – murdered in July 1917 3. Leonid Lenin –Communist revolutionary – created the Bolshevik Party F. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 1918 1. Russia signs separate peace treaty with Central Powers

2. Verdun –France’s Alamo –symbolic to French Feb 1916 a. Germans threw everything at Verdun –last 10 months b. Both sides suffer heavy casualties 3. Somme –July 1916 –The Big Push – British thought they could defeat the Germans here since majority of German army was at Verdun a. No clear winner –heavy losses (over 1 million men) D. New Weapons 1. U-Boat – German submarine 2. Tanks –used by both sides 3. Gas –chlorine and mustard gas 4. Flame Throwers –Germans used to terrorize British and French troops 5. Zeppelin –airship used as bombers and scouts 6. Baron Von Richthofen –The Red Baron –German war ace

E. Dissent 1. Women’s Peace Party -1915 –protested against the War a. Jeannette Rankin –first female congresswomen who opposed the war 2. Espionage Act 1917 – fines and imprisonment for aiding the enemy, encouraging disloyalty, or refusing to serve in the army 3. Sabotage and Sedition Act 1918 - imprisonment for interfering with the operations of the military, and writing, printing or publishing negative material against the government 5. The Fighting Front A. American Expeditionary Force –led by Gen. John Pershing 1. Eddie Rickenbacker –U. S. flying ace of 94 th Aero Squadron

B. Convoy System –ships traveled in packs to protect each other C. Major Battles 1. Chateau Thierry –Battle for Belleau Woods –Allies take initiative 2. Belleau Woods – U. S. recaptures Belleau Woods 3. 2 nd Battle of Marne –Ferdinand Foch (FR) leads U. S. to victory a. Germany’s last offensive move 4. Argonne Forest – final breakdown of Germany’s resistance D. Armistice –Nov. 11, 1918 –end to fighting prior to signing peace treaty 6. Peace Negotiations A. Wilson’s 14 points –Rules for freedom of seas, limit of arms, no secret treaties, general assembly of nations (peacekeeping organization)

B. Peace Conference –Central Powers not represented 1. Big Four a. Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando b. Allied disagreement –Wilson did not want to punish Germany C. Treaty of Versailles 1919 1. effects on Germany a. reparations –pay war debt of 56 billion b. war guilt clause –forced Germany to accept guilt c. disarmament –loss of military d. loss of territory 2. Creation of new nations –Austria-Hungary split 3. League of Nations –Wilson’s idea to prevent future wars

7. U. S. response to Treaty A. Senate Debate –Henry Cabot Lodge opposed to treaty and League of Nations B. Wilson reacts by taking his case to the people –suffers major stroke 1. Wilson incapacitated C. Senate rejects treaty 1919 D. U. S. signs separate treaty with Central Powers – 1921