World War I THE GREAT WAR 1914 1919

World War I “THE GREAT WAR” 1914 -1919

Why not peace? �MAIN CAUSES (know acronym) �Why not peace?

Long Term Causes �Militarism Glorifying Military Power Keeping a large standing army prepared for war Arms race for military technology

Long Term Causes �Alliance System Designed to keep peace in Europe, instead pushed continent towards war Many Alliances made in secret By 1907 two major alliances: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

The Two Sides Triple Alliance Triple Entente Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Central Powers England France Russia Allied Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire England, France, Russia, United States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Switzerland

Long Term Causes �Imperialism European competition for colonies Quest for colonies often almost led to war Imperialism led to rivalry and mistrust amongst European nations

IMPERIALISM Germany & Germany, England, European England nations competed France almost Russia argued over for & colonies France inbuilding Africaa&railroad went tofiercely war Asia over three times over argued in India Competition for Morocco rights to the colonies often pushed Europeans Sudan to the brink increased of war This competition European rivalry & mistrust

Alliances �Allies Central Powers � 1. Great Britain 1. Austria-Hungary � 2. France 2. Germany � 3. Russia �Later. . . � 4. Japan 3. Turkey � 5. Italy 4. Bulgaria �And later… � 6. U. S

ALLIANCES Growing Germany, rivalries Italy, among & nations England, led France, to the Austria-Hungary formation of two made military & alliances Russia formed that up threatened the Tripleto. Alliance draw European the Triple nations Entente into war

Long Term Causes �Nationalism Deep Devotion to One’s Nation Competition and Rivalry developed between European nations for territory and markets �(Example France and Germany- Alsace-Lorraine)

NATIONALISM Rivalries due to militarism & imperialism increased nationalism among European powers European rivals tried to maintain a balance of power while also trying to overpower each other “European Balance of Power,

NATIONALISM No region was more tense in the years before World War I than the Balkans Serbia, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, & Romania broke from the Ottoman Empire to create new nations Slavic people in Serbia wanted to unify all Slavs but Austria-Hungary opposed giving up the largely Slavic territories Bosnia & Herzegovina While nationalism unified The Balkans became a people in the powerful “powder keg”dividing waiting nations, it was for a spark to blow up people in weakening empires

War Begins!!!! �Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austria- Hungary throne) Assassinated in Bosnia by Serbian terrorists https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Su. Lvi. BGy 7 Yc

The Outbreak of World War I On July 23, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia: turn over conspirators & allow an investigation…OR…go to war When Serbia balked at some of the terms, Austria-Hungary declared war on June 28, 1914 Russia had a large population of Slavs & was an ally of Serbia; Russia moved troops to the Austrian border These events set off a chain reaction that started World War I

Austria-Hungary declared On August 4, 1914, England World War 1 Begins On August 1, 1914, war On on August Serbia & declared its allyon war onmobilized Germanyfor & Austria 3, 1914, Russia war to Germany declared war Italy backed out of its agreement Russia Germany declared war on -Hungary protect Serbia …and joined the Russia with Germany & Austria. France Allies Hungary… On July 28, 1914, Serbia declined the ultimatum World War I had begun

During the war Germany & Austria-Hungary became the Central Powers; They were joined by Bulgaria & the Ottoman Empire The members of the Triple Entente became known as the Allied Powers and eventually were joined by…

…many nations throughout the world

Leaders of WWI �Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II (emperor) �Italy: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (P. M. ) �France: Georges Clemenceau (P. M. ) �Russia: Nicholas II (czar) �U. S. : Woodrow Wilson (President) �Britain: David Lloyd George (P. M. )

I got your back! �Germany aligns with Austria; declares war on Russia (Serbia ally) and France (Russian ally) �Italy and Britain remain neutral

Schlieffen Plan �This stated that Germany should attack France and then Russia �In order to attack France, Germany had to go through Belgium, which was to be neutral �This upset Britain and declared war on Germany

The Western Front �When Russia went towards Germany, the German’s left the Schlieffen Plan and took some troops from France and moved them towards Russia �This weakened the armies in France �Result= long stalemate (deadlock where neither side could defeat the other)

Trench Warfare �Underground network that linked bunkers, communications, gun emplacements…soldiers fried in the summer, froze in the winter �No-Man’s Land= area between trenches; everything destroyed

Trench Warfare

Trench Conditions �What do you believed caused this condition?

Costly Battles �Verdun= Central Powers offensive Germany vs. France= ½ million causalities on both sides �Somme River= Allies offensive 60, 000 British killed/injured

Verdun battlefield

Dead Soldier

Technology �Zeppelins= large gas-filled balloons �Flying-Aces= air warfare �U-boats= German submarines (would bring U. S. into war) �Convoys= groups of merchant ships protected by war ships Trench Warfare Technology

German U-boat �UC 44 Class U-boat: 1) Aft torpedo tubes 2) Electric motor 3) Main engine 4) Control room 5) Mine tubes 6) Forward torpedo tubes 7) Crew quarters

Not so Quiet on the Eastern Front �Battle of Tannenberg Russia got blasted!!! (worst defeat in war) Russia poorly equipped – behind in I. R.

Southern Europe � 1915 Bulgaria joins Central Powers � They hate Serbia! Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary and later Germany � They want Austrian territory that house Italians BATTLE OF CAPORETTO � Bad defeat for Italians—attacked by Germany and Austria Eventually British and France stop the offensive

Outside Europe �Japan joins Allies Wants German outpost in China �Ottoman Empire joins C. P. Included Arab lands Arab nationalists attacked Turks with help from Britain’s “Lawrence of Arabia” Result= Ottoman Empire lost a lot of land (Baghdad)

Total War �T. W. = all country’s resources going towards war effort �Conscription used (Draft) �Gov’t raised taxes, rationed food �Propaganda used = spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage opposing views ie. atrocities

British Propaganda

German Propaganda

U. S. A. Propaganda

War the Women Fought �Took over jobs at home; kept economy going �Manufacturing weapons/supplies �Nurses

Russian Revolution �March 1917, Bread riots in St. Petersburg escalated into a revolution that brought down the Russian monarchy �Lenin came to power and signed the TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK with Germany that pulled Russia out of war

New Revelations � Germany could now focus on western front � Neutral America (Wilson) believed they had a right to sail the seas Even if they were bringing supplies to allies � May 1915 Germany sinks the Lusitania � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 G 8 i. U 1 KOjsg � Wilson threatens to break ties with Germany � Germany agrees not to sink passenger liners with U-boat without warning � Dec 1916, Germany announces it will resume unrestricted submarine warfare

The Last Straw �Zimmerman Note: British intercept message from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico �He promised Mexico land in U. S. for their help in the war. �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=FN 7 Lt. Hpkf. Ww

Allied Victory �By 1918 Germany had exhausted it’s resources William II was forced to step down and flee to the Netherlands and Austria-Hungary was collapsing �November 11, 1918: Armistice (agreement to end fighting) brought “The Great War” to an end

Results of War �Pandemic of influenza (spread of disease across whole world) �Financial burdens: cost to rebuild roads, farms, factories: cost to repay war debt Losers must pay reparations= payments for war damage

Paris Peace Conference �Big 3 Wilson; 14 points Clemenceau (FRANCE); demanded Germany punished harshly Lloyd George (BRITAIN): same as France �Italy wanted Austrian land promised to them Others wanted national states of their own

Objective: To analyze Wilson’s peace plan and the Versailles Treaty. Palace of Versailles

Adios, dandelion! I guess my work here is done!

Huh? I thought I took care of that stubborn dandelion!

How the Treaty of MAIN, Versailles to theofstart of WWII? Whatdid were the four orcontribute “root” causes World War I? World. War. I II s llia n c e Imperialism A M ar i s m ilit N at io na lis m

Treaty of Versailles �June 1919 Treaty Forced Germany to take full blame for war Must pay reparations of more than $30 billion Limited German size of military Alsace and Lorraine returned to France Lost overseas territories *Will result in deadlier war 20 years later!

Europe 1914

MAP 1920

Results of Conference �New nations Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland (Welcome Back), Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia �Mandates= territories administered by western powers…until fit to govern themselves (in theory)

Upset Countries �Germany= given full blame �Italy= not given land promised �Japan= not given recognition of claims in China �Russia= lost land to new Baltic Countries