World War I MAIN Causes M Militarism policy

World War I

MAIN Causes M – Militarism – policy of maintaining a large military establishment – tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state A – Alliances – Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) – Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia) I – Imperialism – Intensified European rivalries (Africa) N – Nationalism – an extreme form of patriotism, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.

Europe in 1914

Additional Causes • Long Term: – Decline of the Ottoman Empire – Pan-Slavism • Russian ‘protection’ of the Slavs • Short Term: – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand – Austrian ultimatum to Serbia • Russian Mobilization • Germany’s ‘Blank Check’

“May our dear native country be calm” “We firmly and faithfully stick together”

Stalemate & the USA • Most fighting took place in France and Russia • United States joins Allies in 1917 – Unrestricted submarine warfare – The Zimmerman Telegram – Democracy • (Russian Revolution)

New Weapons • Machine Guns – Trench Warfare Barbed Wire • Poison Gas – Chlorine, Mustard • (Gas Masks) • Balloons, Zeppelins, • Mechanized Warfare – Tanks, Airplanes • Anti-Aircraft Guns

Country Mobilized Killed Wounded Total Casualties Australia 330, 000 59, 000 152, 000 211, 000 64% Austria-Hungary 6, 500, 000 1, 200, 000 3, 620, 000 4, 820, 000 74% Belgium 207, 000 13, 000 44, 000 57, 000 28% Bulgaria 400, 000 101, 000 153, 000 254, 000 64% Canada 620, 000 67, 000 173, 000 241, 000 39% The Caribbean 21, 000 3, 000 4, 000 19% French Empire 7, 500, 000 1, 385, 000 4, 266, 000 5, 651, 000 75% Germany 11, 000 1, 718, 000 4, 234, 000 5, 952, 000 54% Great Britain 5, 397, 000 703, 000 1, 663, 000 2, 367, 000 44% Greece 230, 000 5, 000 21, 000 26, 000 11% India 1, 500, 000 43, 000 65, 000 108, 000 7% Italy 5, 500, 000 460, 000 947, 000 1, 407, 000 26% Japan 800, 000 250 1, 000 1, 250 0. 2% Montenegro 50, 000 3, 000 10, 000 13, 000 26% New Zealand 110, 000 18, 000 55, 000 73, 000 66% Portugal 100, 000 7, 000 15, 000 22% Romania 750, 000 200, 000 120, 000 320, 000 43% Russia 12, 000 1, 700, 000 4, 950, 000 6, 650, 000 55% Serbia 707, 000 128, 000 133, 000 261, 000 37% South Africa 149, 000 7, 000 12, 000 19, 000 13% Turkey 1, 600, 000 336, 000 400, 000 736, 000 46% USA 4, 272, 500 126, 000 204, 000 321, 000 8%

The Role of Women in WWI • Women replaced men in factories – Responsible for economic victory for Allies • Women gain the right to vote – In US and most European countries • Men could no longer deny after WWI contributions

The End of the War • Russia exits in 1918 (Revolution) – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Germany eventually overpowered – Surrenders 11/11/1918 (Veteran’s Day)

The Treaty of Versailles • France blames Germany for the war – Forced to sign ‘war-guilt’ clause • Accepting sole responsibility for the war • Germany had to: – Reduce size of army, eliminate navy/air force – Demilitarize Rhineland – Cede territory (creation of Poland) – Return Alsace and Lorraine to France – Pay reparations (destroys German economy)

Europe in 1919

1914 vs. 1919 Before After

The Russian Revolution

Causes • Russia was a monarchy (Czar) 1. Failures of World War I – Poorly supplied soldiers, high casualties 2. Economics – Food shortages, inflation, workers strike 3. Rasputin – Manipulated royal family, distrusted by Russians

The February Revolution • 1917 - Nicholas is forced to abdicate (give up throne) • Provisional (democratic) Government established – Insisted on supporting allies and continuing war • Bad move – Could not solve economic issues • Bad move

The October Revolution • Communists (Bolsheviks) led by Vladimir Lenin overthrow provisional government – Executes royal family – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Civil War 1918 -1921 – Communists (Reds) vs. Anti-Communists (Whites) • Soviet Union created with Red victory