WORLD WAR I Could World War I have

WORLD WAR I Could World War I have been avoided, or was it inevitable?

What was World War I? • 1914 -1918 • Major global conflict, centered in Europe • “The Great War” • Over 9 million killed; one of the deadliest conflicts in human history

M Causes of World War I MANIA Militarism – policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war. A Alliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another. N Nationalism – pride or loyalty; devotion to one’s country or nation. I Imperialism – industrialized nations controlled weaker nations A Assassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Causes of WWI - Militarism “Militarism” is defined as: 1. a strong military spirit or policy. 2. the policy of maintaining a large military. 3. to put all other interests below those of the military. Where can we find these elements in today’s world? Is America “militaristic”?

Causes of WWI Triple Entente: Great. Britain France Russia - Alliances Triple Alliance: Germany Austria. Hungary Italy

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers: Ottoman Empire

Causes of WWI - Nationalism Pan-Slavism: Movement to unify Slavic people.

The “Spark”

The Balkans in 1878

Causes of WWI ØAustrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist. ØBelieved Bosnia should belong to Serbia, not Austria. Hungary. - Assassination

ØGavrilo Princip after assassination of Austria. Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand. ØPrincip was part of an organization known as the Black Hand.

The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ØAustria blames Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declares war on Serbia. ØGermany pledges their support for Austria – Hungary. ØRussia pledges their support for Serbia.

The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium (on the way to France). Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

“The Chain of Friendship”

Warfare during WWI

WWI in Color http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u. P_0 Dkp. FOKs

A New Way of War • The Industrial Revolution helped make WWI one of the bloodiest wars in human history. • Factory-made weapons made killing faster and cheaper than ever before.

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Trench Warfare

British trench, France, July 1916 (during the Battle of the Somme)

German Trenches

Poison Gas

Poison Gas Attacks

American soldier wearing his gas mask.

Gas Attack Seen From an Airplane.

Gas masks for man & horse demonstrated by American soldier.

Main Types used were: Chlorine, Phosgene and Mustard Gas Chlorine - a greenish, yellow heavier than air gas which in its pure form is an oxidizing agent. This means that it will react in the presence of water to cause a chemical burning effect on organic matter. Symptoms of chlorine gas poisoning include vomiting, difficulty in breathing, a burning sensation in the lungs, eyes, nasal and mouth passages, watery eyes. In severe cases, cell damage in the lungs leads to fluid buildup in the lungs, loss of consciousness through suffocation, and death. Phosgene - a colorless, odorless, heavier than air gas formed by heating carbon tetrachloride. It is highly poisonous in that it will preferentially replace oxygen in the cells and quickly causes an oxygen debt within the body, unconsciousness and death. Mustard Gas - a caustic gas with a distinctive mustard smell, it causes blistering and huge sores on any exposed tissue, internal or external. Probably the most used gas, with phosgene, in the war. A nasty piece of business.

Effects of Mustard Gas

Machine Guns

British Mark I Tank

The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Barbed Wire

U-Boats (aka, Submarines)

“Necessity is the mother of invention” invention • How did the military advancements in WWI prove the above quote? – The desire/need to win the war drove people to invent new and better methods to kill their enemies

Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive against the French. Each side had 500, 000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 60, 000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1, 000 killed in 5 months. British and French against the Germans

"What Might Possibly End War" May 17, 1916

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915 • Australian and New Zealand troops (under British leadership) attempted to land in Turkey • Total failure; over 250, 000 ANZAC causalities

America Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania • May 7, 1915 • Germany suspected British guns and ammo on board the Lusitania, a passenger ship • German U-Boat torpedoed the Lusitania, which sank in less than 20 min • 1, 198 dead; 139 Americans

The Zimmerman Telegram • Proposal sent by a German diplomat to the Mexican government in 1917 • If Mexico joined the Central Powers, Mexico would get Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona • Message was intercepted by the British and published in American newspapers

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming! April 6, 1917 America declares war on Germany

Crash Course: America in WWI https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y 59 w. Erq g 4 Xg • 0: 00 -5: 30

Significance of American Entry 1. Allies Began to Win. 2. Broke Policy of Isolationism. 3. Marked U. S. as a World Power.

11 a. m. , November 11, 1918

9, 000 Dead

World War I Casualties

Casualties of War Mobilized Russia 12, 000 Germany 11, 000 Great Britain 8, 900, 000 France 8, 410, 000 Austria-Hungary 7, 800, 000 Italy 5, 615, 000 US 4, 355, 000 Turkey 2, 850, 000 Bulgaria 1, 200, 000 Japan 800, 000 Romania 750, 000 Serbia 707, 300 Belgium 267, 000 Greece 230, 000 Portugal 100, 000 Montenegro 50, 000 = Allied Powers Dead 1, 700, 000 1, 773, 700 908, 371 1, 375, 800 1, 200, 000 650, 000 126, 000 325, 000 87, 500 335, 706 45, 000 13, 716 5, 000 7, 222 3, 000 Wounded 4, 950, 000 4, 216, 058 2, 090, 212 3, 266, 000 3, 620, 000 947, 000 234, 300 400, 000 152, 390 907 120, 000 133, 148 44, 686 21, 000 13, 751 10, 000 Missing/POW 2, 500, 000 1, 152, 800 191, 652 537, 000 2, 200, 000 600, 000 4, 526 250, 000 27, 029 3 80, 000 152, 958 34, 659 1, 000 12, 318 7, 000 = Central Powers

The Somme American Cemetery Located in France 116, 516 Americans Died

Results of the War • Millions dead – “The War to End All Wars”? • America becomes global power • Austrian, German, and Ottoman empires are dissolved • Planted the seeds for WWII

Treaty of Versailles • Signed during the Paris Peace Conference following the war – June 1919 • The “Big Four”: – U. S. A. , Great Britain, France, Italy • Placed much of the blame of the war on Germany – “War guilt” – Restricted Germany’s army and navy – Forced Germany to pay reparations for the war $32 billion gold marks

Treaty of Versailles http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=g. Kz. Z 1 Ow. PXgk • Pay attention to the consequences of the treaty’s harsh limits on Germany. Was Germany allowed at the Paris Peace Conference? What is one way that the Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party? Was the Treaty of Versailles effective?

Treaty of Versailles - Assignment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Read Restoring the Peace and Bitter Fruits in the textbook (pg. 538 -540). On a piece of white paper, create/design a Twitter page for the country of Germany. Post your reactions to the events at the Paris Peace Conference, especially the harsh conditions placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. Include retweets, following, followers, favorites, personal information, etc. Demonstrate your knowledge of the Treaty by including relevant facts and information. Your Twitter page must be colorful, include at least 5 tweets, and include other relevant information (bio, friends, etc. ).