WORLD WAR I CAUSES Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism

WORLD WAR I

CAUSES Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism

MILITARISM All great powers had large standing military Generals had detailed plans for mobilization Ex) Germany’s Schlieffen Plan General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen

Quickly defeat France then sweep to the east to defeat Russia (difficulty mobilizing) Go through neutral Belgium

ALLIANCES Triple Entente Alliance Triple Great Britain France Hungary Russia Germany Austria. Italy

TRIGGER FOR WWI Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of A-H (June 28, 1914) Sarajevo, Gavrilo Bosnia-Herzegovina Princip – assassin Germany gave unconditional support – “blank check”

TRIGGER FOR WWI A-H’s harsh ultimatum to Serbia (July 23, 1914) Serbia agreed to many, wanted to settle by international conference A-H rejected (July 28, 1914 declared war)

WORLD WAR I Chain reaction (1914) Austria war on Serbia Russia moving army to A-H & German borders Aug. 1 – German gov’t war on Russia Aug. 3 – Germany war on France Aug. 4 – Great Britain war on Germany

REMEMBER SCHLIEFFEN PLAN? Brings Great Britain into the war “Quickly defeat French then sweep to east to defeat Russia…” Had to move through neutral Belgium – brought England into war Aug. 4,

NATIONS TAKE SIDES By mid Aug. 1914 lines were drawn Central Powers – Germany & A-H Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire (wanted land) Allies – Great Britain, France & Russia Japan & Italy switched sides

THEATERS 3 Theaters Western Eastern Front – France – trench warfare Front – Russia – 19 th cent. warfare Southern Front – Balkans -

WESTERN FRONT Schlieffen Plan worked early but ultimately failed (French intelligence) Sept. 6 -10, Allies attacked NE of Paris (First Battle of Marne) Sept. 1 13 – Germans were driven back 60 mi of most imp. Events of the war – defeat of Germans meant the Schlieffen Plan failed

TRENCH WARFARE By 1915 both sides dug miles of trenches Space b/w sides “no man’s land” New weapons did not mean faster war – only more efficient way to kill more ppl Tanks, poison gas, larger artillery

TRENCH WARFARE 1916 – Germans attack on French – lost 300, 000+ ea. July 1916, English attacked Germans NW of Verdun - lost 500, 000+ ea. Total land gained: 4 mi(Germans) & 5 mi (British)

EASTERN FRONT Along German & Russian border During 1914, Germans crushed Russians (Battle of Tannenberg) Russians defeated Austrians twice in Sept. 1914 Dec. tide turned: Austrians w/ Germans drove

EASTERN FRONT Russia not industrialized – lacked supplies & ports blocked Asset for Russians: People 1915: 2 mill+ died, wounded, captured STILL ABLE TO REBUILD Able to force Germany into 2 -Front war

U. S. ENTERS 1917, RUSSIA LEAVES Unrestricted submarine warfare Germany attempted counter blockade Sink any ships in water near Britain Lusitania – British passenger ship sunk w/ 128 Americans Zimmerman Germany Note would help Mexico “re-conquer” lands Keep U. S. distracted

GOVERNMENTS WAGE TOTAL WAR KEEP THE WAR EFFORT GOING!!! Centralization of power Ex) Censorship Economic Ex) regimentation Rationing, production Manipulation Propaganda) of public opinion (aka

GERMAN’S FINAL OFFENSIVE 2 nd Battle of the Marne 30/40 mi outside Paris 140, 000 U. S. soldiers Nov. 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates Nov. 11, 1918: armistice

TREATY OF VERSAILLES Woodrow United Wilson States Georges Clemenceau France David Lloyd George Great Vittorio Italy Britain Orlando

WILSON’S PLAN FOR PEACE 14 Points: outlines plans for achieving just & long-lasting peace 14 th point: “general association of nations” G. B & France limited agreement Concern for national security Wanted to punish Germany

TREATY OF VERSAILLES JUNE 28, 1919 Germany punished “War Guilt” Clause – Germany sole “guilt” & pay reparations Restriction on German military Lost territory League of Nations – Germany & Russia excluded New countries formed Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary & Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats & Slovenes)

BOUNDARIES PRE-TREATY

BOUNDARIES POST-TREATY

LEGACY OF WWI COST 8. 5 million soldiers dead 21 million wounded $338 billion Destroyed acres of farmland/cities Lost Generation Despair can be seen in artwork

LEGACY OF WWI Ushered New in 1929 depression nation-states created European Russia, Impact nations turned to dictatorships Italy & Germany on Women Replaced suffrage men in factories, changed dress,

IMPACT OF TREATY OF VERSAILLES “A Peace Built on Quicksand” U. S. ultimately rejected it Bitterness Ppl & hatred left in Germany in colonies upset not independent Italy/Japan Sets upset – didn’t gain territory the stage for WWII