World War I and Post War World Ch

World War I and Post War World Ch. 14. 1 -14. 4 Alice F. Short Hilliard Davidson High School Unit 5

World War I and Post War World Topic: Achievements and Crises (1900 -1945) • The first half of the 20 th century was one of rapid technological advances. It was a period when the tensions between industrialized nations resulted in World War I and set the stage for World War II. While World War II transformed the balance of world power, it was the most destructive and costly war in terms of human casualties and material resources expended. Content Statements: 13. Advances in technology, communication and transportation improved lives, but also had negative consequences. 14. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances. 15. The consequences of World War I and the worldwide depression set the stage for the Russian Revolution, the rise of totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and the policy of appeasement which in turn led to World War II. 16. Oppression and discrimination resulted in the Armenian Genocide during World War I and the Holocaust, the state-sponsored mass murder of Jews and other groups, during World War II.

World War I and Post War World Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills • Students apply skills by utilizing a variety of resources to construct theses and support or refute contentions made by others. Alternative explanations of historical events are analyzed and questions of historical inevitability are explored. 1. Historical events provide opportunities to examine alternative courses of action. (Was WWI inevitable? What could have changed the causes of WWI into something that would not result in war? ) 2. The use of primary and secondary sources of information includes an examination of the credibility of each source. (…) 3. Historians develop theses and use evidence to support or refute positions. (students assigned thesis and they must defend it) 4. Historians analyze cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical events, including multiple causation and long- and short-term causal relations. (causes and effects of WWI analysis)

World War I Begins Ch. 14, Lesson 1 Europe, 1914

Tensions between Industrialized Nations • tensions between industrialized nations led to… – World War I – set the stage for World War II (which would transform the balance of world power) • Causes of WWI (“Great War, ” “The War to End All Wars”) 1. 2. 3. 4. militarism imperialism nationalism alliances 14. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances.

1. Causes of WWI: Militarism • militarism – aggressively building up a nation’s armed forces in preparation of war – glorification of war and strength – mobilization – the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war • complex – having many intricate parts – alliances increased danger – belligerents – warring nations – conscription – imposing a military draft

2. Causes of WWI: Imperialism • imperialism – the desire for the best colonies around the world conflict – competition for (African) colonies increased rivalries – Industrial Revolution • Shipbuilding • New weapons (iron, steel, chemicals) • Mass armies (conscription)

3. Causes of WWI: Nationalism • nationalism – various ethnic groups tried to gain more political unity – nation-states • self-interests and success – several nationalities often ruled by a single regime • Example: Slavic minorities wanted nation-state (in Balkans, Austro-Hungarian Empire) • socialist labor movements war = distraction – DISCUSSION: Why would this be a problem?

4. Causes of WWI: Alliances • alliances – a complex system of alliances developed among the nations of Europe (meant to maintain the balance of power) – Intensified threat of militarism – Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy – Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain – system of alliances – considered a main cause of World War I • Why is the word World in bold font?

Socialist Labor Movements • internal unrest increased desire for a “distracting war”

Balkan Powder Keg • state of unrest in the Balkans • new nations formed after decline of Ottoman Empire, including Serbia • Russia (support Serbia) and Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, which disappointed Serbia • assassination of Francis (Franz) Ferdinand ignited the “Great War” – assassin: Gavrilo Princip, Serbian nationalist, member of Blackhand (Serbian nationalist group)

WWI Begins • As European counties formed alliances and increased the sizes of their armed forces, they set the stage for a global war. – needed a good reason to mobilize troops – Good Reason: • When a Serbian terrorist / nationalist assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand his wife, World War I soon followed. • Gavrilo Princip – Serbian nationalist who assassinated archduke of Austria-Hungary • Serbia – country that Austria. Hungary blamed for the assassination of Francis Ferdinand – – DISCUSSION: Is this fair?

World War I Begins • June 28, 1914: Archduke Ferdinand assassinated – assassin: Gavrilo Princip, Serbian nationalist / terrorist / extremist • wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary • wanted larger Serbian kingdom – DISUCSSION: Why all of the different vocabulary? – Austria-Hungary • wanted to “render Serbia innocuous once and for all by a display of force. ” • blamed Serbia for the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand • Germany gives Austria-Hungary a “blank check” – DISCUSSION: What does the quote mean? Imply?

Austria-Hungary’s Ultimatum • 1. Serbian government must suppress all groups that were opposed to Austria-Hungary (A/H) • 2. Serbia must dismiss school teachers and ban books that didn’t support A/H • 3. Serbia must dismiss government officials who spoke out against A/H • 4. A/H officials must be allowed to participate in the trials of those accused of the assassination – Serbia declined this provision and A-H declared war on July 28 th

A SHORT Time to Ponder • If this was your country, would you accept these terms in order to avoid war? • ACTIVITY: Ultimatum to Canada!

World War I Begins • • • June 28, 1914: Archduke Ferdinand assassinated July 28, 1914: partial mobilization of Russian army August 1, 1914: Germany declared war on Russia August 3, 1914: Germany declared war on France August 4, 1914: Great Britain declared war on Germany • * isolation = America’s policy at beginning of WWI – not a part of the initial alliance system

World War I Begins Mobilization in Europe • July 28, 1914: (Russia supports Serbia) – partial mobilization of Russian army • August 1, 1914: – Germany declared war on Russia (in response to Russian mobilization) – Schlieffen Plan – German 2 -front plan (France and Russia had an Alliance) • August 3, 1914: Germany declared war on France – part of Schlieffen Plan (must go through Belgium) • August 4, 1914: Great Britain declared war on Germany – Belgium: Germany violated neutrality (open reason) – G. B. allied with France and Russia (additional reason)

A SHORT Time to Ponder • If you were Belgium, would you O. K. with Germany brining its army through you country? Why or why not?

Rapid Technological Advances • Technology - first half of the 20 th century – Germans- U-boats and poison gas – Machine guns – Airplanes — surveillance and dogfights – British tanks – Civilian soldiers – Trench warfare • Globalization – Communication – Transportation • Negative Consequences

World War I Ch. 14, Lesson 2 • Both sides thought would be over in a few weeks – Triple Alliance – Triple Entente • lasted for longer many casualties on both sides • war widened United States entered the fray in 1917 • World War I escalated – governments: • took control of their economies, • rationed food and supplies • called on civilians to work and makes sacrifices for the war effort

Two Sides—Both felt the war would be over quickly Central Powers (Triple Alliance) • German Empire • Austria-Hungary • Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria • Advantages: – Central location allowed better communication and travel. – Germany’s powerful army • • Allied Powers (Triple Entente) Great Britain France Russia Japan Italy Eventually, United States Advantages – More industrial, more soldiers, Great Britain’s powerful navy

Propaganda • propaganda – ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause – use of selected bits of information to help people back their country’s war efforts – stirred national hatred – blindly supported own country (believed “just”) 7 Types of Propaganda 1. name calling 2. glittering generality 3. transfer can be positive or negative – 4. 5. 6. 7. associations testimonials can be positive or negative – Famous individuals endorse a product, candidate, or policy plain folks Sometimes I pays to associate the product, candidate, or policy with “just plain folks. ” card stacking present only positive information about what you support, and only negative information about what you oppose bandwagon “Everyone is doing it”

• Propaganda Use of selected information – Both true and false – Governments sent up agencies to control news about the war • atrocities brutal acts against defenseless civilians • British stories of German atrocities angered Americans • Did not realize the stories were exaggerated

The Western Front • The Western Front – Schlieffen Plan – attack France – First Battle of the Marne, September 6 -10 – stalemate • new technologies both sides started using trench warfare – marked by trench warfare • trench warfare – fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire, famously associated with WWI

Advances in Technology • Machine Guns – Fired rapidly, without interruption – First ones were heavy Had to have a team of several men to operate them – Caused huge causalities • Chemical Warfare – Germans introduced poison gas as a weapon

Advances in Technology • Britain introduced the tank (1916) – could easily move over rough ground, through barbed wire – became more important in World War II

The Eastern Front • marked by mobility • Germans defeated Russians (no threat) – Battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 30 – Battle of Masurian Lakes, Sept. 15 • Russians defeated Austria-Hungary in Galicia – thrown out of Serbia • Italians betrayed Triple Alliance: Germany and Austria-Hungary – attacked Austria, May, 1915 – joined Allied Powers (formerly called Triple Entente) • Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy • Germany aided Austria-Hungary – pushed Russians back into Russia • 2. 5 million Russians killed, captured or wounded • almost out of war – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria • attacked and eliminated Serbia, September 1915 • allowed Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire (formerly Triple Alliance) to focus on Western Front

Name Changes • Triple Alliance Central Powers • Triple Entente Allied Powers

Trench Warfare • By late 1915, The Great War had become a war of attrition – Each side trying to outlast the other Technology moved faster than military tactics • Stalemate – Neither side was able to gain an advantage

Trench and Air Warfare • war of attrition – a war based on wearing down the other side with constant attacks and heavy losses • trench warfare – no-man’s land – Verdun, France, 700, 000 died in 10 months over a few miles of land – baffled generals (past: movement and maneuver) • air warfare – surveillance – target – something or someone marked for attack – zeppelins – giant airships • used to bomb London and eastern England • filled with hydrogen gas raging enfernos

Airplanes as Weapons • Before WWI, planes were mainly used as observation – Early stages of development – Hard to maneuver • Invention of the “interrupter” • “The Red Baron” Shot down around 80 enemy planes – Manfred von Richthofen • http: //www. history. com/videos/grenade-becomes-standardbattle-equipment#interrupter-air-combat-revolution

WWI “Aces” excellent propaganda for both sides Allied Powers • Eddie Rickenbacker – Shot down 26 enemy planes Central Powers – Manfred von Richthofen – “The Red Baron” Shot down around 80 enemy planes

A World War • widening the war – Bulgaria joined Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) – Allies (Russia, G. B. , France) declared war on Ottoman Empire) • Gallipoli – disastrous Allied campaign in Balkans • Lawrence of Arabia, 1917 – urged Arab princes to revolt against Ottoman overlords • England mobilized troops form India, Australia, New Zealand, 1918 destroy Ottoman Empire in the Middle East – Allies seized German colonies around the world • Japan seized German Pacific islands • entry of the United States (April, 1917) – Britain and Germany tried to set up naval blockades – unrestricted submarine warfare • sunk passenger liners • Lusitania A cargo ship sunk by German U-Boats – Nearly 1200 people were killed, including 128 Americans • suspended from September 1915 -January 1917 • US enters war April, 1917 – large numbers in 1918 – psychological boost for Allies

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Advances in Technology • German U-Boats – Unterseebooten • Goal – Prevent munitions and food from entering British ports – At first rose to surface, allowing ship to surrender • Eventually, remained hidden and fired without warning

Impact of Total War total war – a war that involved the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefield • increased government powers – drafted tens of millions – temporarily put aside free-market capitalism • established planned economies – an economic system directed by government agencies • set up price, wage and rent controls • rationed food supplies and materials • regulated imports and exports • took over transportation systems and industries • manipulation of public opinion – patriotic enthusiasm waned • altered society

Advances in Technology • Types of soldiers changed – no longer “professional” soldiers – drafted civilians • men and women at home supported war efforts by working in factories – “Total War”

Oppression and Discrimination: Armenian Genocide • Armenian Genocide (during WWI) – watch video (13 minutes, 6 seconds)

The Russian Revolution Ch. 14, Lesson 3 • war dragged on stirred with unrest. • Czar Nicholas II stepped down (overthrown during Communist Revolution) = end of Romanov dynasty of Russia • provisional government • Bolsheviks under V. I. Lenin overthrew the government – V. I. Lenin – followed Marxist ideas and established a communist dictatorship in Russia – Bolsheviks – party that won the Russian Civil War; The Red Army – total command of Russia, 1921

Why Revolution in Russia? • Czar Nicholas II = incompetent – lacked self-awareness – Grigory Rasputin (rumors) • poor living conditions rise of socialism – strikes – soviets – Russian councils composed of representatives from workers and soldiers • incredible loss of life (in WWI) – wanted peace – wanted food

Lenin and the Bolsheviks • Lenin - leader of Bolsheviks – violent & extreme; favored violent revolution – April 1917 – Germans sent him back to Russia create trouble – revolution – an overthrow of government

Bolsheviks Seize Power • • October 1917: seized power Bolsheviks Communists Lenin essentially in power Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – treaty signed by Lenin w/ German – (Russia surrendered to Germany because the communists took over and promised peace) – loss of territory: eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Baltic Provinces – ended war (the promised peace)

Civil War in Russia • Red Army (Communists) vs. White Army – Red Army unified; one cause • extreme discipline – White Army not unified; many causes • Czar Nicholas II (abdicated – to formally give up control of a country or state) – living in isolation wife w/ 5 kids all murdered

Triumph of the Communists • war communism – in WWI Russia, government seized control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control • Red Terror – aimed at destroying anyone disloyal – Cheka – secret police • Communist Support – foreign aid came to opponents of Communism increased nationalism and support for the communists… no one likes a foreign army – Communists single party state

Animal Farm • Novel by George Orwell that is a metaphor for the Russian Revolution – and part of the Stalin era

World War I Ends Ch. 14, Lesson 4 • Governments, troops, and civilians were weary as World War I continued through 1917. Shortly after the United States entered the war, Germany made its final military gamble and lost. The war finally ended on November 11, 1918. New nations were formed, and a League of Nations was created to resolve future international disputes.

The Last Year of the War • collapse and armistice • armistice – an agreement to stop fighting – Allies WIN; Central Powers LOSE – Armistice: 11/11/1918 at 11 a. m. • revolutionary forces

The Peace Settlements Wilson’s Fourteen Points – outlined a plan for peace around the world for after war (ideas for a more just world) 1. Reliance on open diplomacy rather than secret agreements – 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. – NO SECRET TREATIES Freedom of the seas Free trade Reduce the military forces and/or weapons REDUCTION IN NATIONAL ARMAMENTS Readjust the colonies fairly The allowance for Russia to self-determine its own government Respect for Belgium's Integrity Restoration of French Territory Italy receives territory based upon ethnicity Austria-Hungary receives fair development opportunities Independence for the Balkan states Self-determination for the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and free passage through the Dardanelles 13. Independence for Poland 14. The formation of a League of Nations to guarantee independence for all countries, large and small (League of Nations – an organization to solve the world’s problems peacefully… not so successful) IMPORTANT NOTE: Did not contain punishments for Germany or reparations (which were a part of the punishments)

The Peace Settlements • Paris Peace Conferences – “Big Four” – the main Allied leaders deciding on the Treaty of Versailles – punished Germany • led to WWII b/c treaty humiliated Germans • Legacies of World War I – 10 million soldiers = dead (from all countries)

Consequences of WWI • • • Worldwide Depression Russian Revolution Totalitarianism Axis Expansion Appeasement