World War I 1914 1918 The Great War

World War I (1914 -1918) The Great War Europe Changes forever

Intro Video • Start at 39 minutes http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=DRtd. So e. YQYk

The Ism’s • The world had changed and influence had been put on three things 1) Imperialism 2) Militarism 3) Nationalism 1) M. A. I. N. S – Militarism, Alliance System, Imperialism, Nationalism, Significant People

1 -Imperialism • The movement in the late 19 th and early 20 th century – To obtain land expand your empire • European version of the Manifest destiny – Countries in Europe had laid claim to area’s all over the world

Imperialism and the Balance of Power

1 -Issues of Imperialism • When nations in Europe claimed their lands it often led to conflicts – Opposing colonizing forces would often fight one another – Boer War – occurred in South Africa between the Dutch and the English

2 -Militarism • An expanding German army caused other powers in Europe to take notice – An arms race began in Europe – Military power was to be shown through army size and new naval tech.

Navy power before and after Former War ships Dreadnought Class

2 -The Dreadnought • Germany threatened Britain's greatest claim – the strength of their navy • In response to this action, Britain devolved the Dreadnought –(made all other warships obsolete) • Britain's navy doubled, as did Germanys, as did France's and so on.

2 -Militarism • France’s, Germany’s, Britain's, Russia and other European nations standing armies doubled

2 - Secret alliances • The nation was entangled in alliances that were unknown to other countries – Often made to keep other countries from invading seized land – Scenario. . • Japanese-Russo war • Great Britain is an ally of both, who do they support?

3 -Nationalism • Nationalism is the idea that you must band together with people similar to you – The thought that your nation is greater than any other – Combined with militarism, this made tensions high in Europe

Alliance Systems. • Go back to 1860 – During American civil war the states of Prussia were waging war trying to unite the German Kingdoms – The succeeded in unifying Germany • Destroyed the balance of power in Europe – By 1871 had unified and had become one of the international powers

Alliance System • In 1870 German attacked France for territory – From this point on –Germany and France are enemies • To protect itself Germany signed a secret alliance treaty with. . – Italy – Austria-Hungary • The Three were known as the Triple Alliance

Alliance system • Triple alliance caused fear for Russia – How could Germany expand? – Both wanted influence in Southeast Europe • Why would this be important for Germany? Russia? – Russia opposed Austria-Hungary • Slav’s

Alliance System • As a result France and Russia signed – Franco-Russian Alliance • Why? • Due to the Common interest in opposing Germany and A. H.

Alliance System • G. B. Wanted to remain neutral – Naval Race • When Germany tried to equal G. B. navy the tensions increased • Refused to sign a formal alliance with Russian and France but had friendly understanding – “entente cordiale”

Triple Entente

The spark of War • Archduke of Austria. Hungary Franz Ferdinand • Target of Serbian assassin group – “The black hand” • Was touring Bosnian Capital, Sarajevo https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=BCTIaii GB 4 o

Spark of war • The black hand was brought in to assassinate the archduke – It took place under the knowledge of Serbian Government – They had hoped that it would start a war • Hoped to bring down Austro-Hungarian empire

Spark of War • Austria-Hungary was angered by the assassination • They decided that Serbia had to be crushed to prevent a Slovak uprising – however

Spark of War • A. H. knew that if they attacked Serbia would declare war on A. H. – So they asked for Germany to back their cause -They agreed – A. H sent an ultimatum • List of demands – Austrian control in Serbia – Repayment – Etc…

Sparks of War • Germany had made it known that it was going to back A. H – Forced them into the war • Russia informed everyone that they were going to back Serbia – They asked for France’s aid – Fearing Germany, France agreed

The War Begins! • On August 1914 Germany Declares war on Russia • • Aug. 3 rd Germany declares war on France Aug. 4 th Britain declares war on Germany Aug. 6 th A. H. declares war on Russia Aug. 12 th A. H. declares war on GB and France

Kaiser Wilhelm II • Leader of Germany during World War One

Von Schlieffen plan • Germany’s Ultimate Idea • Through a series of invasions they would blitz through France and Capture Paris in a matter of days • There were a few problems with the plan however – Russia had mobilized their army faster than Germany expected (had to remove troops from A. to B. )

Von Schlieffen Plan • German soldiers were to gather on the French German border and rush to Paris – The thought was eliminate France and focus on Russia • A quick defeat would keep Britain out of the war • The plan ultimately failed

What are problems with this plan?

World War One • As soon as Germany stepped foot in Belgium G. B. Declared war on Germany • The Allied Powers (Allies) were formed (GB, France, Russia, (Italy-1915)

Central Powers • Germany • A. H. • Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Von Schlieffen plan fails • Although the plan seemed to work in the beginning, it was impossible for the northern soldiers to keep up with the southern ones • Got within 30 miles of Paris but was fought off • Now what were the armies to do? – They flanked and dug in

Napoleon tactics • Much Like the civil war, Europe still used the “old style of warfare” • The idea was to rush the opposition with full frontal attacks • Bad idea against machine guns • The two sides constantly tried to outflank one another

Race to the Sea • The constant flanking moved the war north • Multiple battles due to constant interaction • Lead to trench warfare

The Warfare • The strategy for war had now changed • Rather than frontal assaults, it had turned into trench warfare – Why?

Trench Warfare • The race to the sea showed the nations that the nature of war had changed – How? • They dug themselves into trenches – To avoid what?

A common Trench

Trenches • The sole purpose of a trench was it offered protection from – Explosives – Machine gun’s – Enemy line of vision – Poison gas?

Advantages of the Trench • It was very effective in protection – For days, months or even years • Effectively stopped enemy advances • Good communication lines, and ability to move from A to B

Negatives of the Trench • To effective at protection – Any advancement lead to massive amount of deaths • Were the trenches to effective? Or was it human error? • Disease – Pest’s – Filthy living conditions • Shell shock

Death Tolls • Huge numbers of troops would die as they tried to rush enemy trench • Constant barrage of bullets • Bodies were left in trenches

Pest and infestation • With the dead bodies left to rot, pests began to move into the trenches – Rats*** – Often they were hunted down as a source of food • Also for protection for the soldiers

Trench Foot • Condition in which someone’s foot is wet for too long. – The skin begins to blister, rot and eventually falls off – Swelling also occurs – If left untreated for too long, amputation is necessary

Louse • Small Parasite – Feeds on human blood

Trench Conditions German Trench Allied Trenches

How did Trench Warfare change the war? • 1) caused the war to last much longer than anticipated • 2) made the war more violent – How? • 3) changed the landscape of Europe forever

New Tech’s • Machine Gun – Guns that could fire anywhere from 600 to 1, 200 shells in a minute • 20 shells a second! • Known to cut tree’s down

Tanks • The First Tanks were introduced during WW 1 • Primitive, bulky, and mostly ineffective • Usually broke down before it had a chance to go anywhere

Planes • Wooden Cloth vehicles – Mainly used to scout – Adapted machine guns • TRIED to drop bombs late in the war

America Enters the War • Until 1917, America had a very Isolated view of the war – President Wilson urged American's to stay Imperial through all this – Difficult for Americans to do

America choosing sides • Americans could not keep their interests out of Europe – They were left with a choice • Central Powers • Allied Powers? • Who do you think a majority of Americans sided with?

Pro British Sentiment • Many Americans were very pro-British – Many of Wilsons Cabinet were pro-British – They pushed to aid G. B • Great Britain used propaganda to try and influence America into the war

America pulled into the war • Germany knew that if they could stop American Trade to G. B. they could force them out of the war – Announced they would sink any vessel in G. B. waters – Angered U. S. A – (Unrestricted Submarine Warfare) • What is this? !

The Lusitania • British Passenger Liner • Entered A war-zone – Fired on by German U-Boat • Kills 1, 200 passengers (128 americans) • Americans viewed it as an act of terrorism not war –but America was very much so angered

Other events • The sinking of the Sussex – Another merchant ship sunk by German U-boat • Sussex Pledge – Germany promised to no longer sink citizen ships without warning • Wanted to keep US out

Zimmerman Telegram • Letter intercepted by British intelligence and published in American newspapers – Stated: to Mexico from Germany – 1) Aid us in war with the United States – 2) in doing so, you will be returned lost lands • TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA • Ultimately pushed America into the war

America Declares War • Feb. 1 st 1917 (Germany resumed unrestricted warfare) – Sink 6 American ships in two months • April 2 nd, 1917 – America Declares War – War had been fought already for three years

The American Soldier “Doughboy”

Getting America Ready for War • Not all Americans were sold on the war – Committee on Public Information (CPI) – Their goal was to sell the war to the American Public • Actors, Song writers, Authors and others with a voice were recruited to paint a positive image of war • Are the same practices used today?

American Propaganda

Troubles at home • Espionage (Spying) was a major fear of the USA – Espionage Act (1917) made to allow prison terms to ones found guilty – Sedation Act (1918) made it illegal to speak negatively about the war • Or anyone who talked badly about the president! • 1, 000 convictions

German Americans • At this time in history—hard place to live for German-Americans – some were beaten for their heritage – One was lynched for “seeming” disloyal – Other common things changed as well

American Pride • Sauerkraut was changed • Hamburgers were to … changed to… Liberty Cabbage Salisbury Steak

Limitation of Free Speech • Schenk vs. The US – Stated that free speech could be restricted if it posed a danger to America – 1 st amendment states: “Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech” • What do you think about this?

America Enters / Russia Leaves • When America was deploying, Russia Dropped out of the war – Why? • Here is a hint To

Bolsheviks • Czar Nickolas II -- former leader of Russia – Abducted his throne (gave up power) • Vladimir Lenin (leader of Bolsheviks) takes control of Russian Government – Communist Russia is born

Cont… • Signed a treaty with Germany – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – Gave them land for Germany to remove troops that remained in Russian Territory

Why did America get involved? • Yes they wanted to support GB and France, but not the biggest issue – Yes they were attacked – Yes they were plotted against • The Biggest reason however was for Economical Reasons – US had so much Invested in GB and France (Trade and Stock)

Effect America had on Europe • Ally’s moral was low – America’s entry sparked a fighting sprit – Likewise, lowered the moral of the Central Powers • All but spelled doom for Germany and Central Powers • Had to do something drastic • Germany Makes a final offensive, but ultimately fails

Battle of Argonne Forest • German Attack stalled • USA and French launch massive counter attack • 600 K Troops, 40 K tons of Supplies, 4 K artillery pieces • Started on September 26 th, 1918 – Slowly but surely, America and France advanced through German Lines

The War Comes to an End • As war raged on the Western Front (France. German boarder) A. H and O. E. Surrender and leaves Germany Alone • With a naval Mutiny influence reaching Berlin, an uprising begins • Kaiser Wilhelm is forced to step down

Germany Surrenders • On the 11 th day, on the 11 th hour, in the 11 th month Germany Surrenders (1918) – How long was the war? • Germany Signed an Armistice (cease fire)

A Flawed Peace • In January 1919 a peace conference began in Paris to resolve the issue of WW 1 • The big four were present – 1) USA – Wilson – 2) Great Britain – David Lloyd – 3) France – Clemenceau – 4) Italy – Orlando • Germany was not Present – Does this seem fair?

Wilson’s 14 points • At the conference President Wilson presented his 14 point plan – Wanted to eliminate the general causes of the war – Disarmament – Freedom of the sea’s • The biggest point however was his idea for the –League of Nations

The 14 th point • The league of nations was Wilson’s brainchild – Nations would preserve peace – They would also prevents leading to other wars – And act as protectors of other’s territories

Rejection • The conference in Paris ultimately rejected the Wilson’s ideas saying – “it was far to easy on Germany” – And “it did not align with our nations interests” • Is this a precursor for anything in history?

Treaty of Versailles • Despite Wilsons hopes, Germany signed a document that was far to harsh than he preferred • Under the treaty – Germanys army was stripped – They had to pay reparations (33 Billion) – Made Germany take blame for the war (in hindsight—worst part of the treaty) • Why?

Broken Peace • This treaty is what lead Germany to allowing A Fascist government to take control in the 30’s • It belittled Germany, it caused a lot of resentment • Resulted in 10+ countries being formed in Europe – Poland – Czechoslovakia

Effect the War had on America • After the war was over the government released control of the economy they had taken – Rationing ended – Capped prices ended • Companies began to raise prices and produce more goods – What would this cause?

Effects • By 1919 Prices had risen by 15% – Increased the cost of living • (Clothes, Food, Shelter and other essentials)

Inflation leads to strikes • Seattle General Strike – Shipyard workers *more money less hours* – Was a General Strike • Workers of the city, not just the industry went on strike – Paralyzed the city • Americans hated it (COMMON Communist action)

Strikes – Boston Police Strike • 75% of Boston's Police force walked out on the job – Lead to wide spread rioting and chaos – When Workers tried to return, Police Commissioner refused to hire them back – Calvin Coolidge gained political notoriety by solving conflict

Racial Unrest • White and Black Soldiers—and men—were competing for jobs – Tensions were high between the two • Over 20 Racial riots in 1919 • In Chicago a riot was started that killed 38 people/ 15 white – 23 Black

The Red Scare • American’s viewed Communist as enemies – “seemed” unpatriotic • Many Americans accused immigrants for starting riots in the name of communism • (Communist International) – organization for coordinating communist activities in other countries

Red Scare • Wide Spread fear that “Reds” were trying to take over America • Wide spread bomb attacks to place in America • One of which took place on US Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

Palmer Raids • Palmer established special division – Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) • Focused their actions on Radical organizations and immigrants • 500 Deported

Palmer Raids • Failed to turn up any hard evidence • Used “dirty cop” techniques – Failed to use warrants and disregarded rights

End of Progressivism • After Wilsons tenure America elected Warren Harding on the ideas of – Returning America back to “Normalcy” • This idea ends the progressive age

What are the main points of WW 1?