World War I 1914 1918 Causes of the

World War I 1914 -1918 • • • Causes of the war Technology of the war Military techniques / Battles War at Home “Total War” US / Russia and the end of the war

Traditional European Rules of War 1. A country must ________ before ______ another country. 2. Each side must wear ______ or ______ themselves to each other before attacking. Soldiers wearing an enemy uniform ______________.

Traditional European Rules of War • 3. Commanding officers should _______________. • 4. Civilians, Surrendering Soldiers and Medical Personnel will ______________.

Traditional European Rules of War • 5. _____________ is honorable, shooting from a distance is cowardly • 6. Soldiers must be given the opportunity to _______________.

Long Term Causes • Nationalism– ______________. – ______ and _______ developed between European nations for _____ and _______ • (Example France and Germany)

Long Term Causes • Imperialism– _______________ – Quest for ______ often almost led to war – _______ led to rivalry and mistrust amongst European nations

Long Term Causes • Alliance System– Designed to keep _____ in _____, instead pushed continent __________ – Many Alliances made ______ – By 1907 two major alliances: _______ and ______

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

The Two Sides Triple Alliance Triple Entente _________________ _________________ Central Powers _________________ Allied Powers _______ ________

Leaders Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Russia] George V [Britain] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Wilhelm II [Germany] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Pres. Poincare [France] Franz Josef [Austria-Hungry]

Short-Term Cause • ________ • Assassination of __________

Summer of 1914 Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions • July ______ Austria Hungary Presents ____ with an _________ • July ____ Austria-Hungary declares ____________ • July ____ Russia ______ its troops • August ___ Germany ______ troops.

Summer of 1914 Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions • August ___ Germany declares war on ____. Germany invades _____ and _____, invasion of ______ starts. • August ___: Germany declares war on France. • August ___: Germany declares war on ____ and ________. • August ___: England declares war on _______ • August ___: Austria declares war on _____ and ________.

Who Declared War on Who? • • • Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia Russia Declares War on Austria Hungary Germany Declares War on Russia Germany Declares War on France England Declares War on Germany and Austria Hungary

10 1 5 4 6 3 9 7 12 8 14 13 2 15 11

• By the end of ______, not only ______ was at war, but also all of Europe’s colonies in ____, ______ and __________.

New Technology Guns • ___________ –It was used by both sides, hundreds of rounds a minute could be shot by one person.

• The German plan against France was to _____________________________ • The Machine Gun stopped this plan

Trench Warfare • Both sides _____________ that faced each other. The trenches ran for _____. • From time to time, one side would attempt to cross the “_________” the area in between the trenches. • Trench warfare made WWI extend from a few months of fighting to ________of fighting

French Soldiers Attacking a German Trench

Technology: ________________ • WWI was the first major war to use ______ • ______ and _______. were the two most popular weapons: They caused _________, and _____

Soldiers would protect themselves using Gas Masks

Technology: _______(_______) • Germany’s secret weapon during the war was the __________. • _____ dozens of British ships, controlled the _______.

Why would the British think the Uboat was breaking the rules of War ?

Technology: ___________ • Both sides used ______ for _______, limited ______, and _________. • Airplanes were ____, _____, and _______, • The most famous German pilot was ___________(________)

Red Baron

Technology: ___________

Technology: ___________

The Great War Western Front • Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs. French, British and later Americans • Germany develops the __________ • Battle of the ______(1914 - German Defeat) • Trench Warfare on the Western Front

Western Front: Battles • Battle of ________ – ______ long – French and German armies. – Estimated ________ French and ______ German casualties – No strategic advantages were gained for either side. • Battle of _______ – English and French vs Germany – _____ months of fighting – ________ of advancement for Allies – ________ men killed

Eastern Front • Russians and Serbs vs. Germans and Austria-Hungarians • War more _______ but still a _______ • Russia’s disadvantages – ___________________ • Russia’s advantage – __________

Eastern Front: Battles • Battle of ________: – August 1914 - _____________. – Russia was badly ______ and ________. – Russia lost millions of men against Germany, _________, and under _______

Other Fronts • Japan, Australia, India join _______ • Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join ______ • Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire • Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions

Russia Exits the War • In _____ 1917, ________ abdicates his throne, • the Russian _____ continues to fight. • In _____ 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks take command: _________ is created. • In ______ 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the _____________, ending the war in the East.

US claims Neutrality “I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldier I brought him up to be my pride and joy Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder, To shoot some other mother’s darling boy? ” • Song

US Road to War • _____________ did not allow products to leave or enter Germany • German U-Boat Response counter to blockade, destroy all boats headed for British shores

US Road to War May 7 th 1915 Sinking of the _________

1916 Presidential Election And the Winner is… _______ _ ______ Because “he kept us out of the war”

US Road to War The Last Straw _____________ __

US Declares War • Senate Declares War ___________ • House of Representatives Declares War ___________ • Wilson’s reasoning for War make the world “_____________”

War on the Homefront • World War I as a ________ – All Resources devoted to homefront • Government took over factories to make ______ goods • All had to work (Women took place of men in factories) • _________- limit consumption of resources/goods necessary for the war effort • ________- one-sided information to keep support for the war

Propaganda

Ending the War 1917 -1918 • US Enters the War in __________ • _______ Russia and Germany sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Germans now use all resources on Western Front • _________ Germany begins a massive attack on France

Ending the War (1918) ____________ • German troops __________ • US had ________ “fresh” troops • 2 nd Battle of the ______ (June 1918) • Central Powers Crumble – ________ in Austria Hungary – Ottoman Empire _______ – German soldiers _______, public turns against Kaiser Wilhelm II

Ending the War (1918) • Kaiser Wilhelm _________ on November 9 th 1918 • 11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month in 1918 Germany agrees to a ________ • ________ soldiers dead • ________ wounded • Cost of ___________

Ending the War The Paris Peace Conference • Meeting of the “______” at the Paris Peace Conference • Wilson Proposes his “_______” • “Big Four” create ___________ – War Guilt Clause – Break up of German, Austrian, Russian and Ottoman Empire – _____________ – Legacy of bitterness and betrayal

Effects of World War I • Before World War I feeling of _________ and progress of ____________ • After the War feelings of __________ • New forms of Art, Literature, Philosophy and Science – (ex. Surrealism, “Lost” Generation, Psychoanalysis, Existentialism)