WORLD ORGANIZATIONS THE UNITED NATIONS IGOs NGOs THE

WORLD ORGANIZATIONS THE UNITED NATIONS IGOs & NGOs

THE UNITED NATIONS • Founded in 1945 to: -Provide a forum for disputes among nations -Promote universal human rights -Support economic development -Work towards world peace

Declaration of Human Rights "All human beings are born with equal and inalienable rights" Promotes human dignity worldwide Eleanor Roosevelt championed the Declaration Adopted by UN in 1948

Millennium Development Goals of the UN – now known as Sustainable Development Goals (from 8 to 17) • • No Poverty/ Zero Hunger Quality Education Gender Equality Good Health & Well-being Environmental Sustainability Global Partnerships To guide policy until 2030

Organizational Structure • General Assembly - Main body • Security Council - Elite subgroup • Secretariat - International leadership • Economic & Social Council - functional agencies • International Court of Justice

General Assembly • • • Main “parliamentary” body One country, one vote Grown from 51 to 192 members 2/3 are developing countries Oversees budget and subsidiaries Elects non-permanent members to Security Council • Makes recommendations or resolutions

Security Council • 5 permanent members - US, UK, France, China and Russia • 10 Non-Permanent –Bolivia, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Sweden, Egypt, Italy, Japan, Senegal, Ukraine, Uruguay– (2 -yr. terms) (no veto power) • Secret ballot voting (2/3) by Gen Assem. – each geographic region represented • 9 votes required on substantive matters, including all 5 permanent members • Great power – unanimity or veto power

Security Council Functions • Military Operations • Economic sanctions • Weapons inspections • Election monitors • Peacekeeping Operations

The Secretariat • International in character • Should not be dominated by one country or region • Carries out the day-to-day work of the UN • Secretary General António Guterres (Portugal) • World leader -personally steps in to resolve international disputes or draw attention to an issue.

Secretary General António Guterres (Portugal) -Nominated by Gen. Assembly -Approved by Security Council 5 Year terms -1/2017 -12/2021

Behind the Scenes - A Day in the Life of Ban Ki-Moon, the previous Secretary General http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d. U R 0 gz. Fg 2 ss

• Click for Video Motorcades and Dictator Disneyland, NYT

U. N. Headquarters in New York City

European U. N. Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland

U. N. role in Palestinian Statehood? • http: //www. cc. com/videoclips/jxlju 8/the-daily-show-withjon-stewart-west-bank-story

International Court of Justice • Established by UN charter • Sits in The Hague, Netherlands • Legal disputes between states • Provides legal opinions • 5 SC nations have veto power

International Criminal Court Created in 2002 by Rome Statute Prosecutions of individuals accused of genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity. Operates independently of UN The US does not submit to the ICC Maximum sentence – life imprisonment

IGOs • Inter-Government Organizations are Funded by Member Nations • May be established for a specific purpose • May be UN Agencies o Unicef o UN High Commission for Refugees

Goal of UN IGOs • • Raise Awareness of Problems Increase Local Capability Train Local Personnel May partner with NGOs to carry out programs

International Institutions Large and Powerful Organizations Make Policy Set the Rules Promote and Facilitate Globalization • World Bank • IMF • World Trade Organization

The World Bank Provides low interest loans to developing countries for education, agriculture and business projects. Goal is to promote “inclusive, sustainable growth. ”

International Monetary Fund Monitors currency markets Provides loans to developing countries to stabilize markets Goal is to “facilitate international trade, while promoting economic development. ”

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949 Inter - Governmental Military Alliance Reflects Cold War divisions Response to threat from Soviet Union (Warsaw Pact countries) – now includes many E. European nations Mutual defense if attacked by outside power (i. e. Afghanistan) Issues of Concern • Afghanistan – how to wind down war • Terrorism • Russia/Ukraine issue (Ukraine wants to be a member) • Malaysia Airlines Flight 17

The European Union 1993 Union of 27 European States • Single market - 26% of global GDP • Open borders • Common environmental policy • Cooperation on security matters • Reciprocity between court systems • European Parliament & Court of Justice The Euro • Common currency 1999 • 17 of 27 members and other non-members (not UK) • Central Bank

World Trade Organization Establishes global rules of trade between nations Framework for trade policy: Non-discrimination (all members treated equally) Binding enforceable commitments Transparency Not part of UN system Predecessor was GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

Protests Target WTO Labor Unions Environmental Groups Human Rights Advocates Animal Rights Groups

Non-Governmental Organizations • NGOs are many and varied – civil society organizations that operate outside of gov’t. • Some well known NGOs are o The Red Cross o Habitat For Humanity o Amnesty International o Doctors Without Borders o CARE o Oxfam o Green Peace o Grameen Bank

What is the Advantage of NGOs? • • More Flexible More Focused More Streamlined Work Directly With the People “on the ground” • Can Be More Critical of Human Rights Abuses

Relationship With The UN • Must adhere to the humanitarian principles and practices of the UN o Must have transparent accounting practices

The Work of NGOs • Social Justice • Humanitarian Aid • Economic Development • Environmental Preservation

Social Justice • Amnesty International o Unlawful imprisonment o Torture • Caritas (Catholic Charities) o Victims of violence, rape, kidnapping o Eviction or displacement of the poor • Save the Children o Support for families o Education • The Girl Effect – to end poverty among women http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=WIvm. E 4_K MNw

Humanitarian Aid • Red Cross/Red Crescent • Doctors Without Borders - http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=73 z. Mc d. Gf. XGE

Economic Development • Microfinance - A new approach to economic development • Small loans to needy individuals in developing areas • Goal is to promote entrepreneurship • How is this sustainable development?

Economic Development • KIVA o Microfinance Projects o Creates a positive image o No starving babies o Poor people who work hard to support themselves o http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =MXk 4 GUGXNTQ

KIVA Entrepreneur

Economic Development • Grameen Bank o Founded by Muhammad Yunus (won Nobel Peace Prize) o Grameen – “rural” in Bengali o Microcredit – small loans to poor people (esp. for women) o http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =vea. Vik. Y 3 u 98

Environmental Preservation • Greenpeace o Works to change attitudes and behaviors regarding the environment o Climate and energy (oil, nuclear) o Promotes safe fishing & anti-whaling o Sustainable agriculture (against toxic fertilizers & use of Genetically Modified Organisms) o http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=z Vu 9 eawb 1 QY

Funding for NGOs • Foundations o Grants • Donations o Fundraisers • Dues or memberships o Special interests (AARP) • Bequests o Tax advantages

Problems With Funding • NGOs are not immune to fundraising and other financial scandals • A scandal in one organization taints the entire field • Fundraising for NGOs is a field in itself

Bill Clinton on NGOs http: //www. cc. com/video-clips/913 h 3 i/thedaily-show-with-jon-stewart-bill-clinton-pt-1