World Music RHYTHMIC features used in all World

World Music

RHYTHMIC features used in all World Music • Syncopation – Off-beat rhythms, syncopated rhythms • Dotted Rhythms – usually a pair of long then short beat patterns • Polyrhythms – Many rhythms played at the same time • Cross rhythms - A cross-rhythm is the effect produced when two conflicting rhythms are heard together. • Accented beats – Different beats are played louder to make them stand out

AFRICAN Music features • • • • Performed at weddings, funerals, festivals and other public ceremonies Djembe – Drum with 3 main sounds (Bass, Tone and Slap), played with the hands/fingertips. Dundun – Lower pitched drum that often plays an ostinato rhythm giving the pulse. Payed with a stick. Talking Drum – A drum that is able to change pitch by squeezing it Agogo/Bell – Bell sound that sets the pulse for other performer Shakers – hand percussion Balafon – African Xylophone made from wooden bars and gourds, played with beaters Mbira – or thumb-piano, made from thin metal bars which are plucked giving a unique sound Polyrhythmic texture – different rhythms combined in layers Cross rhythms – two against three feel Call & Response – drumming or singing Master Drummer – leads the group, plays the core rhythm as well as improvises and controls the structure of the music Strong sense of pulse/cyclic repeated sections

Listen & watch! • • African; https: //youtu. be/j. R 0 z_n. Mbww. I https: //youtu. be/k. ZHfmg. Ib 4 mc Balafon & talking drum; https: //youtu. be/q. G 3 sx. XII 0 TI Bite size; https: //www. bbc. co. uk/bitesize/guides/z 2 xbg k 7

INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC features • • • 3 layers – Raga, Drone & Tala. Improvised music- based on the Raga and Tala. Raga – The name given to both the main melody and different scales used in Indian Classical music Tala – The main drum pattern (‘cycle’) used in Indian Classical Music. The Tala is cyclical (repeated). Tabla – the pair of drums that are used in Indian Classical Music. A pair of drums played with hands and fingertips. Sitar – a plucked string instrument used in Indian Classical music responsible for playing the melody Performance techniques on the sitar include slides, pitch bends, fast moving sections (‘runs’), repeated notes Bansuri Flute – a wooden flute made traditionally from Bamboo, is responsible for playing the melody Tambura/Tanpura – Long-necked string instrument that is plucked. The notes are left to play/sustain accompanying the main melody. This is known as a drone (a harmonic device). Structure; Alap (slow melody & drone) – Gat (table added) – Jhala (grows more complex)

Listen & watch! Sitar • https: //youtu. be/w. LAXfk. K-DPg • Tabla drums • https: //youtu. be/s 7 gigim 5 ZJo

BHANGRA MUSIC features • • • • • Melody & Accompaniment texture Bhangra started in the Punjab region of India (now split between India and Pakistan). Chaal – the basic repetitive bhangra rhythm, usually played on the dhol Dhol – a double headed drum played with sticks Tumbi – single string instrument thar often plays the chaal riff too. 4/4 Time Signature, steady tempo Bpm 140 -195 Hoi shouts on beats 2 & 4 Hand claps Drum fill Harmonium/synthesizer, guitars, drum machines or drum kit, sampled sounds Singing in Punjab Pitch bends/microtones Simple harmony – often just two chords! Structure; Verse/chorus/instrumental sections Riffs/repetitive melodies Interplay between lead vocalist & backing singers

Listen & Watch! • • • Dhols; https: //youtu. be/4 KQr. UDi 8 BXo Bhangra Dance https: //youtu. be/_TMKYnvbf. Xs Bitesize; https: //www. bbc. co. uk/bitesize/guides/zkjw 7 p 3

Traditional Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Folk Rhythms General Arabic features Mode –an Arabic scale which contains microtones Microtones – the notes between a semitone A Wazn – a rhythmic pattern (similar to Indian Tala). There are hundreds! • Doumbek – a drum similar to a Djembe, played with hands/fingertips • Oud – a pear shaped string instrument, played with a pick (mainly Palestinian music) • • • PALESTINIAN MUSIC features • Palestinian music contains only melody and rhythm (No chords/harmonies) • Improvisation – is an important feature

Listen & Watch! • Oud • https: //youtu. be/te. Fyiwt. Bj. Zs • Doumbek • https: //youtu. be/vhfky-h_Rpw

ISRAELI MUSIC features • Music for dancing at weddings and bar mitzvah celebrations • 2/4 or 4/4 time signature • Bass guitar crotchet Tonic & Dominant pulse • Off-beat chords (played on 2 nd & 4 th beat) • Fast tempo • Gradual accelerando • Ornaments (pitch bends & grace notes) added to melody • Clarinet, violin or accordion often play the melody

Listen & Watch! • https: //youtu. be/Tqt. SBQUS 59 I

GREEK MUSIC features • • • Greek music- for dancing at social occasions Simple melodies with lots of ornamentation (e. g. melisma) Often add a parallel melody a 3 rd above Greek harmony uses diatonic major & minor chords Chords are usually on the off-beat (beats 2 & 4) Tonic & Dominant are emphasised by bass instrument Bouzouki – a Greek stringed instrument, usually used as a melody instrument and for playing slides & tremolos in 3 rds. Defi – a hand drum with bangles attached Lots of string instruments – bowed or plucked/strummed Wind instruments are similar to recorder & clarinet Irregular time signatures 5/8 or 7/8 Structure – short sections, repeated

Listen & Watch! • Bouzouki • https: //youtu. be/3 Xn. OEi. YKcjw • Defi • https: //youtu. be/kvuyetx. KNEw • https: //youtu. be/17 Z 1 u 6 v. A_3 E (flick through to music bits!)

CALYPSO MUSIC features • Lively music from the Islands of Trinidad and Tobago (Caribbean) • Verse/Chorus/Instrumental structure • Simple harmony – Tonic, Subdominant, Dominant (e. g. C, F, G - if in C major). • Major key tonality • Melody & Accompaniment texture • 2/4 or 4/4/ Time Signatures • Syncopated rhythms • Steel Band music – made from old oil drums • Steel pans are pitched – alto (chords) tenor (melody) & bass pans • Tremolo performance technique • Bass guitar and Drum-Kit • Any lyrics will be concerned with social issues or events

Listen & Watch! • https: //youtu. be/BWcwonr. Bw 0 w • https: //youtu. be/uyi. JT 6 Fl 3 Ro • https: //www. bbc. co. uk/bitesize/guides/ztp 49 j 6

SAMBA MUSIC features • • Samba originates from Brazil and is commonly associated with street parties called carnivals. It uses lots of percussion instruments and is very lively and upbeat, as people often dance to it. 2/4 or 4/4 time signature Polyrhythms (layers of different rhythms) A huge range of percussion Improvisation – the Master drummer sometimes improvises over the ostinato rhythms Structure – no set structure. The master drummer decides where to change rhythms and breaks. However, sections will include q q • • Layered ostinatos (of different rhythms) All players playing the same rhythm (in unison) A Solo section A Call & response section The Master drummer – Leads the group giving signals to change the music (rhythms, sections, tempo etc. ) Call & Response – A rhythm played by the leader, which is then copied by the rest of the group Repinique – a small drum, often played by the leader of the Samba band. Tuned very high to be heard clearly. Whistle – A samba whistle is used by the leader to give instructions and signal to the rest of the band. It often has three different pitches Surdo – Large drum with a deep sound helps give the music a strong pulse, played with a soft beater. Agogo Bells – like a cowbell but has a high and low-pitched bell. Plays complex and syncopated rhythms Also Shakers, Guiros and Claves.

Listen & Watch! • https: //www. bbc. co. uk/bitesize/guides/zrk 9 d xs • Instruments; • https: //youtu. be/kb. ORVE 2 P 2 hg • Master drummer/structure/improvisation • https: //youtu. be/8 i. CXTldi 8 Lo