World History Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 The

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 The Muslim World Expands, 1300 -1700 Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and 1600. By 1700 all three were in decline. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 The Muslim World Expands, 1300 -1700 SECTION 11 SECTION The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire SECTION 22 SECTION CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending SECTION 33 SECTION The Mughal Empire in India Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combine many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Turks Move into Byzantium Turkish Warriors • Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire • Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam Osman Establishes a State • From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia • Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans • Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons • Successors expand state through alliances and land buying Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-1 Turks Move into Byzantium {continued} Osman Establishes a State • Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan—overlord • In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople • Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples Timur the Lame Halts Expansion • Timur the Lame —Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia • Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-1 Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Murad II • Murad II begins expansion Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople • Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453 • Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities • In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power • He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa • Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-1 Suleyman the Lawgiver A Great Ruler • Suleyman the Lawgiver , Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566 The Empire Reaches Its Limits • Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522) • Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean • Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes • Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna • By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-1 Suleyman the Lawgiver {continued} Highly Structured Social Organization • Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation • Army uses devshirme —drafts boys from conquered lands • Trains 30, 000 elite soldiers—janissaries —loyal only to the sultan • Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion Cultural Flowering • Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning • Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-1 The Empire Declines Slowly Gradual Fall • Suleyman kills one son and exiles another • Third son inherits throne but rules weakly • Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons uneducated • Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-2 Cultural Blending Case Study: The Safivid Empire The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-2 Cultural Blending Case Study: The Safavid Empire Patterns of Cultural Blending in Persia • Between 16 th and 18 th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia • Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16 th to 18 th centuries Causes of Cultural Blending • Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion Results of Cultural Blending • Changes in language, religion, government, use of technology • Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage • Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-2 The Safavids Build an Empire Safavid Origins • Begins as religious order named for founder • Safavids concentrate on building powerful military Isma’il Conquers Persia • Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451 • Takes title of shah—king • Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis • Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-2 A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great • Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in 1587 Reforms • Helps create a thriving Safavid culture • Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade A New Capital • Esfahan—new capital—is one of the world’s most beautiful cities Art Works • Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles Carpets • Carpet weaving becomes national industry Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-2 The Dynasty Declines Quickly The Safavid Empire Weakens • Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons • Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline • By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans • Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747 Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-3 The Mughal Empire in India The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-3 The Mughal Empire in India Early History of the Mughals Mongol Invaders • Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India Conflict • Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years • In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms Delhi Sultanate • Sultans rule from Delhi between 13 th and 16 th centuries • Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398 Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-3 Early History of the Mughals Babur Founds an Empire • Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at 11 • Is dethroned and driven south into India • Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire • Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered • Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-3 Akbar’s Golden Age Babur’s Grandson • Akbar—“Greatest One”—rules India from 1556 to 1605 A Military Conqueror • Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers A Liberal Ruler • Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims • Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office • Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows • Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-3 3 Akbar’s Golden Age {continued} A Flowering of Culture • Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language • New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge The Arts and Literature • Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish • Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule Architecture • New architectural style named for Akbar develops Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-3 Akbar’s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan • Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control government • Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister • Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons • Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group • Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-3 Akbar’s Successors {continued} Shah Jahan • Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess • Assassinates all competitors for throne • His wife dies while giving birth to her 14 th child in 1631 • Taj Mahal—huge marble tom Shah Jahan builds for his wife • Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-3 Akbar’s Successors {continued} The People Suffer • People suffer paying for wars and monuments • Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons father and takes over Aurangzeb’s Reign • Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest • Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus • Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant • Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 Section-3 The Empire’s Decline and Decay The Mughal Empire Crumbles • Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war • Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states • Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal • European traders gain key ports Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 18 This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

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