World History in Review World History Comparing Paleolithic

World History in Review World History

Comparing Paleolithic and Neolithic People

River Valley Civilizations

The Growth of Mankind

Hammurabi's Code • First Law Code in History • Know for it’s harshness • Eye for an eye

Video Summaries • Crash Course Agricultural Revolution: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Yocja_N 5 s 1 I&index=1&l ist=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 • Crash Course Indus Valley: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n 7 nd. Rwq. JYDM&list=PL BDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=2 • Crash Course Mesopotamia: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n 7 nd. Rwq. JYDM&list=PL BDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=2 • Crash Course Ancient Egypt: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Z 3 Wvw 6 Biv. VI&index=4 &list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 •

Ancient Greece

Persian War / Peloponnesian War Greece’s geography made it difficult to unite

Alexander the Great’s Empire/ushers in Hellenistic Age ( a mix of Greek, Indian, Egyptian, Persian influences)

Chinese Dynastic Cycle / Mandate of Heaven

Ancient Chinese Achievements • Great Wall of China • Confusions philosophy is greatest influence on social order • Standard weights and measures • Terra cotta Soldiers • Silk • Acupuncture • Porcelain • Printing press • Gun powder and compass in medieval times • Silk Road

The Silk Road linking china with the west

Summary Videos • Crash Course Persians And Greeks: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Qmk. VSas. ZIM&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=5 • Crash Course Buddha and Ashoka: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 Nn 5 uq. E 3 C 9 w&list=PLB DA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=6 • Crash Course Ancient China Mandate of Heaven and Confusions: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=yl. WORy. To 4&index=7 &list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 • Crash Course Alexander the Great: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 Lsrk. WDCvxg&index=8 &list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 • Crash Course The Silk Road: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 Lsrk. WDCvxg&index=8 &list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9

The Roman Empire

Architecture • • Domes, 12 tablets of law arches , aqueducts , Roads Cement Coliseums Bath houses

Roman Government and Laws • • Government: Republic Senate Veto Roman law and justice

Fall of The Roman Empire

World Religions

Summary Videos • Crash Course Roman Empire: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=o. Pf 27 g. Aup 9 U &list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=10 • Crash Course Christianity and Judaism: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=TG 55 Erfdae. Y& list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=11 • Crash Course Fall of the Roam Empire: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=TG 55 Erfdae. Y& list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=11 • Crash Course Islam and the Quran: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=TG 55 Erfdae. Y& list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=11

Aztec, Inca, and Mayan

Feudalism In Europe: • Feudalism: A system of obligations that bound lords and their subjects in Europe during much of the Middle Ages. In theory, the king owned all or most of the land gave it to his leading nobles in return for their loyalty and military service. The nobles in turn held land that peasants, including serfs, were allowed to farm in return for the peasants' labor and a portion of their produce. Under feudalism, people were born with a permanent position in society

Medieval Agricultural Revolution • The appearance of new towns was a symbol of Europe’s economic recovery • This revival, which lasted from about 1000 to 1300, is called the High Middle Ages • In 1000 Europe’s economic recovery was underway • It began in the countryside where peasants adapted new farming technologies making fields more productive • By the 800’s, peasants were using iron plows that could carve deeper • New harnesses so they could use horses rather than oxen which would be faster and produce more food • Windmills were used where there were no fast moving streams and would be used to grind the peasants grain into flour • Three Field System rotating crops to keep fields fertile

The Cause and Effects of the Crusades

Feudal Japan

Medieval Knights & Samurai

African King of Mali Mansa Musa • Gold and Salt trade • Going on the Hajj, passing out gold along the way • Richest man in history

Genghis Khan and his Golden Hoard conquer most of Asia

Magna Carta signed by King John of England • First document to put limits on the power of a king • No freeman can be imprisoned without a trial

Effects of the Plague in Europe • • Death of millions of people Labor shortages Food shortages Anti Semitism

Summary Videos • • Crash Course Middle Ages: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=QV 7 Canyzh. Zg&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=14 Crash Course the Crusades: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=X 0 zud. TQelz. I&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=15 Crash Course Africa and Mansa Musa: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=X 0 zud. TQelz. I&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=15 Crash Course Mongols: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=szx. Par 0 Bc. Mo&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=17 Crash Course Indian Ocean Trade: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a 6 Xt. BLDm. PA 0&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=18 Crash Course Ottoman Empire: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=UNII_j. Bzzo&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=19 Crash Course Russia and the Mongols: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=etm. RI 2_9 Q_A&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=20 Crash Course Japan and Samurai: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Nosq 94 o. Cl_M&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=34

The Renaissance / a rebirth/ an new outlook emphasizing classicism, secularism and individualism

Italian Renaissance • Literature: Cervantes, Shakespeare, Moore, Machiavelli, Italian diplomat best known for writing The Prince, a handbook for unscrupulous politicians that inspired the term "Machiavellian" and established its author as the "father of modern political theory. Told rulers how to establish and maintain power • Inventions: Guttenberg Printing Press, (spread of ideas, cheaper books, increased literacy rates) Newton, gravity • Religion: Protestant Reformation, Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglican Church, Catholic Reformation • Humanism: seek fulfillment in this life time, be all you can be, look to classical times • Scientific Revolution: challenging traditional beliefs, looking for proof, through observation and experimentation • Scientific contributors: Newton, Copernicus, Galileo

Protestant Reformation • The Protestant Reformation was the 16 thcentury religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter. Reformation, the Catholic Church’s delayed but forceful response to the Protestants. • Important contributors to the reformation were Gutenberg, Henry VIII, Luther, Calvin

Splits in the Christian Church

Art: perspective, art looks natural and realistic, detail, nods to ancient Rome with arches, domes columns, Da Vinci, Michelangelo

What led to the Age of Exploration? • God • Gold • Glory

Age of Exploration

Columbian Exchange

Triangle Trade System

Mercantilism

Summary Videos: • Crash Course Age of Exploration: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Nj. EGncrido. Q& list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=21 • Crash Course Renaissance: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vufba_Zco. R 0 &list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=22 • Crash Course Columbian Exchange: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vufba_Zco. R 0 &list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=22 • Crash Course Atlantic Slave Trade: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=dn. V_MTFEGIY &list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=24

Enlightenment Thinkers Influence Revolutions Enlightenment states that the use of reason would lead to human progress • Enlightenment Thinkers: • Voltaire: Freedom of speech • Locke: humans have rights. Right to over throw government, social contract • Montesquieu: dividing government powers or braches of the government • • • Revolutions: American Revolution French Revolution Glorious Revolution Russian Revolution

American Revolution

Declaration of Independence • List of grievances the colonist have against the king • Stated Reasons for wanting independence and the American Revolution • People have natural rights of life, livery and pursuit of happiness • Based on Enlightenment Thinkers

Causes of the French Revolution

French Revolution • Enlightenment thinkers inspire the bourgeoisies • Economic problems of debt and raising food prices • Unfair social class system and heavy burden of taxes on the peasants • Inspired by the Success of American Revolution • Tennis Court Oath, oath taken by the National Assembly promising to keep meeting until the create a new and just constitution • The Reign of Terror, led by Robespierre, to keep the revolution going at all cost including execution many with the guillotine • Coup d” etat by Napoleon of the directory

Legacy of Napoleon • • • changes / impacts in France Napoleonic Code A centralized state with a constitution Elections were expanded Many more citizens had right to property and access to education The French also lost many rights promised to them Changes / impacts in Europe Spread ideas of the revolution While he failed to build a French Empire he did spark nationalist feelings across Europe The abolition of the Holy Roman Empire would lead to the creation of a Germany Sold the US the Louisiana Territory and doubling the size of the US

Absolute rulers of the 1700 s / Devine Right of Rule • Peter the Great of Russia: goal of westernizing Russia, Built St. Petersburg • Catherin the Great of Russia: wins a warm water port for Russia • Queen Elizabeth of England defeated the Spanish Armada, Elizabethan Settlement with church of England • Frederick II Prussia: Created a mighty military • Maria Teresa of Austria: First female Hapsburg to rule in her own name • Louis XIV of France: Known as Sun King, Versailles • King Phillip of Spain: Ruled during Spain’s Golden Age

Effects of the Industrial Revolution the increase in machine made goods beginning in England in the 1700’s • Immediate Effects: 1. Rise of factories 2. Changes in transportation and communication 3. Urbanization 4. New methods of production 5. Rise of urban working class 6. Growth of reform movements • Long Term Effects 1. Growth of labor of unions 2. Inexpensive new products 3. Increased pollution 4. Rise of big business (commercial revolution leading to a capitalist economy) 5. Expansion of public education 6. Expansion of middle class 7. Competition for world trade 8. Progress in medical care

Causes of Imperialism

Summary Videos • Crash Course the Spanish Empire: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=rjh. Izem. Ldos&index=25&list= PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 • Crash Course Seven Years War: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=j 0 qbz. NHmf. W 0&index=26&lis t=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 • Crash Course American Revolution: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hl. Ui. SBXQHCw&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=28 • Crash Course French Revolution: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. TTv. Kw. Cyl. FY&index=29&list= PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 • Crash Course Haitian Revolution: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 A_on. U 5 s 2 U&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=30 • Latin American Revolution: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 A_on. U 5 s 2 U&list=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=30

The MAIN Causes of World War I

MAIN Causes of World War I • Long Term Causes • Rivalries among European powers imperialism • European alliance system • Militarism and arms race • Nationalist tensions in the Balkans • Immediate Causes • Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina • Fighting in the Balkans • Assassination of Archduke Frances Ferdinand • Russian mobilization • German invasion of Belgium

Effects of World War I • Immediate Effects • Enormous cost in lives and money • Russian Revolution • Creation of new nations in Eastern Europe • Requirement that Germany pay huge reparations • German loss of its overseas colonies • Balfour Declaration • League of Nations • Long Term Effects • Economic impact of war debts on Europe • Stronger central governments • Emergences of United States and japan as important powers • Growth of nationalism in colonies • Increased anti-Semitism in Germany • Rise of fascism • World War II

Communism

World War II • Holocaust: the killing of more than 6 million Jews • Total war: the channeling of all of a nation’s resources into the war effort • Propaganda used in both wars is the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause • D Day: The allied invasion of France • The war in Europe comes to an end with the capture of Berlin • The war in Japan comes to an end with the dropping of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Causes of World War II

Effects of World War II • • • Trials for War Crimes Enormous loss of human life Destroyed cities and towns 2 Super Powers Cold War Women’s Rights expanded Creation of United Nations Advancements in technology: radar, sonar, Atomic Bombs

20 th Century Totalitarian Rulers • Totalitarianism is a form of government in which the national government takes control of all aspects of both public and private life. • • • Hitler/ Germany Stalin / USSR Mao Zedong / China Pol Pot / Cambodia Mussolini / Italy

The Cold War: US / USSR a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular. the state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990

Cold War Hot Spots • Cuban Missile Crisis, where the Cold War got Hot • With the development of the atomic bombs world peace is threaten from unrestricted nuclear proliferation • Germany divided into two countries, East and West Germany • Building of the Berlin Wall to keep East Germans from defecting to West Germany

Cold War Hot Spots Korea • Divided into communist north and noncommunist US supported south • China provided troops to support North Korea • The US led United Nations troops supporting South Korea • Warfare mainly involved regular troops • US troops remained in South Korea after war • Korean War ended in a stalemate between the two sides and a ceasefire • Vietnam • Divided into communist north and noncommunist US supported south • China and the Soviet Union provided economic and military aid, but not troops the North Vietnam • The US and some allies provided troops to support South Vietnam • Viet Cong fighting in the south were mainly guerillas • US troops withdrew before the war ended • Vietnam War ended when North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam and reunited the country

Comparing Communism, Socialism and Capitalism

Effects of Colonialism Today • Imperialist policies promoted ethnic rivalry by favoring one group above the others, distributed resources in an unequal manner, changed boundaries, disallowed democratic governments, and prohibited local participation in governmental decisions and actions

Decolonization • Decolonization, Process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country. Decolonization was gradual and peaceful for some British colonies largely settled by expatriates but violent for others, where native rebellions were energized by nationalism. After World War II, European countries generally lacked the wealth and political support necessary to suppress faraway revolts; they also faced opposition from the new superpowers, the U. S. and the Soviet Union, both of which had taken positions against colonialism. Korea was freed in 1945 by Japan’s defeat in the war. The U. S. relinquished the Philippines in 1946. Britain left India in 1947, Palestine in 1948, . .

South Africa • Apartheid: a policy of rigid segregation of non-white people in the Republic of South Africa. This insures white economic, political and social supremacy. • A resistance political party known as the African National Congress worked to protest unfair laws. • Nelson Mandela was an ANC leader who was jailed for 27 years • In 1994 President de Klerk freed Mandela and Africans of every race could vote and they elected Mandela.

Globalization: the process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology

Globalization Debate Crash Course https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y 9 Hjv. HZf. CUI&index=39&list=PLB DA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9

Social Media: The Spread of Information

Video Summaries • Crash Course World War I: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_XPZQ 0 LAl. R 4&index=36&list =PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 • Crash Course Communities, nationalist and China: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=UUCEe. C 4 f 6 ts&list=PLBDA 2 E 5 2 FB 1 EF 80 C 9&index=37 • Crash Course WWII https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Q 78 COTw. T 7 n. E&index=38&li st=PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 • Crash Course Cold War: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y 9 Hjv. HZf. CUI&index=39&list= PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 • Crash Course Capitalism and Socialism: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y 9 Hjv. HZf. CUI&index=39&list= PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9 • Crash Course Decolonization: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y 9 Hjv. HZf. CUI&index=39&list= PLBDA 2 E 52 FB 1 EF 80 C 9

• The Green Revolution refers to a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940 s and the late 1960 s, that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960 s • Global warming and climate change both refer to the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming • Current Effects: Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier, plant and animal ranges have shifted and trees are flowering sooner, sea levels are rising

Effects of global warming on agriculture

Summaries • Human Migration 2: 30: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=70 Se. Pn. XRKz. Q • Great Empires 4: 54: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=MOr. D 8 e. Od. Rx. U • World battle grounds 5 min: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 hs. Dn 2 k. Nri. I • World Religions 2: 05: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=x-s. IF 78 QYCI • Maps that will change the way you look at the world 3: 41: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=SXB 1 Z_Cx. BK 0 • World History 4 min 3, 000 to present: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ewd 4 l 2 r. D 2_U

Common Core Sample Questions • How did geographic features influence the diffusion and settlement of both the Phoenician and Greek traders? • A Both had access to the Mediterranean Sea. • B The monsoon winds made ocean travel easier. • C The arid climate encouraged migration. • D Russia′s rivers provided ease of travel

• The epilogue laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise king, established; a righteous law, and pious statute did he teach the land. . the decisions which I have made will this inscription show him; let him rule his subjects accordingly, speak justice to them, give right decisions, root out the miscreants and criminals from this land, and grant prosperity to his subjects. Hammurabi, the king of righteousness, on whom Shamash has conferred right (or law) am I. My words are well considered; my deeds are not equaled; to bring low those that were high; to humble the proud, to expel insolence. Code of Hammurabi, Epilogue • How did implementation of codified laws such as the Code of Hammurabi affect the people of ancient societies? • A It unified the various peoples and laws within the empire. • B It reduced the authority of the king over the citizens. • C It limited the role of government in the lives of citizens. • D It established the separation of government and religion

• Which geographic features determined the location of the early civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and India? • A oceans and coastlines • B rivers and valleys • C fertile soils and plains • D rainy seasons and forests

• How did Pericles influence the functioning of Athenian government? • A He introduced representative democracy. • B He expanded direct democracy to new classes of free men. • C He increased the salaries of government officials. • D He greatly strengthened the authority of military leaders in s

According to the map, how was the Silk Road associated with the development of cities? • A Increased trade along this route helped to establish cities within major • empires. • B The development of many cities created a need for better roads. • C The Silk Road was built as an alternative to trade between large cities by the sea. • D European governments promoted free trade between major cities

• In the Middle Ages, European monarchs claimed to rule by “divine right”. What purpose was served by this claim? • A It enabled the separation of church and state. • B It enabled rulers to seize church lands. • C It demonstrated that religion was stronger than political power. • D It strengthened the monarch′s authority to rule

• All merchants, unless they have been previously and publicly forbidden, are to have safe and secure conduct in leaving and coming to England in staying and going through England both by land by water to buy and to sell, without any evil exactions, according to the ancient and right customs, save in time of war, and if they should be from a land at war against us and be found in our land at the beginning of the war, they are to be attached without damage to their bodies or goods until it is established by us or our chief justifiers in what way the merchants of our land are treated who at such a time are found in the land that is at war with us, and if our merchants are safe there, the other merchants are to be safe in our land. • Based on this passage from the Magna Carta, which basic rights were improved by the English barons? • A trading rights • B rights of the accused • C civil rights • D religious rights

• How did the printing revolution contribute to increased global interaction? • A by making texts available to broader audiences, leading to the spread of new ideas • B by creating interchangeable parts that made repairing the printing press • easier • C by mass producing the press to make it available to small towns • D by using color to gain the interest of more people

• • • Effects of the Plague (Black Death) �Europe lost a third of its population. �Labor shortages brought higher wages for many workers. �Peasants left their manors, weakening the feudal system. Which conclusion about effects of the plague can be drawn from the listed information? A Catastrophic events can trigger changes in human institutions. B Tragic events strengthen religion as people seek answers in their faith. C People seek the comfort of traditional, familiar ways following traumatic events. D Societies flourish during many types of disasters and epidemics

• Which is an effect of European exploration of the Americas? • A Germany extended its New World empire. • B Spain dominated North and South America. • C Africans were enslaved to work in mines and on plantations. • D American Indians maintained resistance to African and Eurasian diseases

• What was a significant result of European exploration through the Columbian Exchange? • A Europeans became dependant on crops from America. • B The bubonic plague spread throughout Europe. • C European diseases caused millions of deaths among American Indians. • D Raw materials from America became very expensive due to scarcity

• How did the new ideas and scientific advances of the Renaissance challenge the Catholic Church? • A New Renaissance universities, which emphasized scientific research, gave most citizens educational opportunities that challenged the religious institutions. • B Individualism and humanist ideas from the Renaissance challenged citizens to seek answers for themselves rather than from religious institutions. • C New merchant guilds formed by the middle class owed allegiance to the leaders of the Renaissance rather than the Catholic Church. • D Feudal noble landowners accepted the scientific advances of the Renaissance that were supported by the Catholic Church.

• Which was an environmental effect of the process of early industrialization? • A the introduction of smallpox to American Indians • B the diffusion of new animal and plant species to Afro-Eurasia • C the process of desertification in Africa and Asia • D the widespread deforestation in Europe and North America

• Timeline of Japan from 1850 to 1910 • � 1853 - Commodore Perry of the United States ends Japanese isolation • � 1868 - Meiji Restoration • � 1870 s - Japanese government develops manufacturing and railroad • industries • � 1872 - Western dress enforced for government ceremonies • � 1905 - Japan wins the Russo-Japanese War • � 1910 - Japan annexes Korea • What conclusion about Japan is supported by the timeline above? • A Japan stopped farming rice. • B Japan industrialized and became imperialistic. • C Japan engaged in wars with western Europe. • D Japan became economically competitive with Brit

• • • International Violence Before WWII �Japan invades Manchuria - 1931 �Italy invades Ethiopia - 1935 �Japan invades China - 1937 �Germany annexes Czechoslovakia - 1939 �Germany invades Poland – 1939 Using the information provided in the timeline above, which historical conclusion can be drawn about the cause of World War II? A Military alliances created many obligations to engage in wars. B The Nazi Party dominated politics in many European nations. C The United Nations was too weak to prevent the spread of totalitarianism. D Some nations were aggressive and imperialistic in their efforts to expand

• How did British taxes on salt contribute to the growth of Indian nationalism? • A The tax triggered violence against the Salt March, which inspired a wider civil disobedience movement in India. • B The resistance against the tax on salt required Indian national forces to stop the rebellion. • C The imposition of the tax demonstrated that India was not capable of self-government due to the lack of native leadership. • D The tax demonstrated the absolute control exercised by the British as colonial rulers in India

• How did Mikhail Gorbachev′s policies of Glasnost and Perestroika affect the Soviet Union? • A The power of the Soviet Union′s Communist Party was strengthened. • B Many Soviet citizens demanded more economic and political freedom. • C Soviet powers were centralized under a totalitarian dictator. • D The Soviet Union increased its influence in the nations of Eastern Europe

• • • Twentieth-Century International Developments �Berlin Blockade (1948) �Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) �Brezhnev Doctrine (1968) How did the developments above affect international politics? A They inspired the creation of the United Nations. B They intensified Cold War conflicts and tensions. C They started cooperation between the United States and the former Soviet Union. D They represented a global preference for democratic values, institutions, and governments.

• Terrorism [takes] us back to ages we thought were long gone if we allow it a free hand to corrupt democratic societies and destroy the basic rules of international life. Jacques Chirac But for all these problems [a terrorist′s] only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him—until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands. • Benjamin Netanyahu According to the quotes, how have terrorist groups and their movements impacted society in various countries? • A Terrorists create panic by breaking basic rules of society and attempting to destroy the social systems of target countries. • B Terrorists create tensions by bringing adversaries together to resolve differences in democratic processes. • C Terrorist groups have influenced many governments to join their efforts and create their own terrorist networks. • D Terrorist groups have caused governments to eliminate corruption and to apply laws equally within societies.

• Which shared purpose explains the operations of the groups in the regions below? • �Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Israel • �Chechen rebels in Russia • �Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the United Kingdom • A to create vast land empires across Eurasia • B to destroy capitalist and democratic systems • C to create independent nations under their authority • D to control petroleum exports to Western nations

• How was European society affected by the Crusades? • A Access to Asian luxury goods was severely limited by war. • B Invading Islamic armies destroyed farms and cities. • C Importation of Asian luxury goods created a greater interest in trade. • D Peasant rebellions diminished as the power of the Church grew

• “ No bailiff is henceforth to put any man on his open law or on oath simply by virtue of his spoken word, without reliable witnesses being produced for the same. “ No freeman is to be taken or imprisoned or disseised [dispossessed] of his free tenement or of his liberties or free customs, or outlawed or exiled or in any way ruined, nor will we go against such a man or send against him save by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right. • Which right had King John of England most likely abused, according to these two clauses from the Magna Carta? • A right to privacy • B right to a fair trial • C right to free speech • D right to petition •

• What was an important effect of the Black Death (bubonic plague pandemic) on the populations of Europe in the late 1340 s? • A decrease in public confidence in the Church • B decline in average worker wages • C elevated position of lesser nobles and local leaders • D increase in medical and pharmaceutical research

• How is laissez-faire economics more productive than an economy controlled by a government? • A Laissez-faire economics creates competition which leads to innovation, greater profits for investors, and lower product prices. • B Laissez-faire economics creates competition which results in improved working conditions, higher wages, and healthcare benefits. • C Laissez-faire economics creates a more nationalistic economy in which local production is always preferred. • D Laissez-faire creates an economy which is regulated by government in order to create ideal working conditions

Constructed Response • Ancient and classical civilizations declined as a result of internal weaknesses and external invasions, but they left lasting legacies for future generations. Provide two legacies of the Classical Greek Civilization and explain their importance to future civilizations

• How did agricultural improvements transform daily life during the Neolithic Revolution and early history? Give two examples

• European nations such as Portugal, Spain, France, and England led explorations to new lands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These voyages extended from the coast of Africa to the Americas and beyond. Explain how the voyages of exploration affected global interactions and new patterns of trade. Give two examples: one for impact on global interactions and another for new patterns of trade.

• The changing climate affects society and ecosystems in a variety of ways. Give three twentieth-century examples of environmental change due to climate

• How did the 1973 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil crisis affect international affairs? Give three examples

• Economic and social conditions of colonial rule led to many nationalistic movements. Explain how social and economic conditions in two countries led to nationalistic movements

• How did agricultural improvements transform daily life through the Neolithic revolution and early history? Give two examples: