World History II SOL Review Age of Revolutions

World History II SOL Review Age of Revolutions

English Civil War �English kings wanted to be absolute monarchs �Parliament prevented kings from being absolute monarchs (Parliament controlled money) �Charles I forced to sign Petition of Right - king cannot raise taxes without Parliament’s consent and king cannot imprison anyone without just cause

English Civil War � 1642 – Charles I led troops into Parliament – Civil War � 1649 – Charles I executed

Commonwealth �Oliver Cromwell ruled England after the execution of Charles I

Restoration �Charles II restored the monarchy to England in 1660 (reopened theaters and pubs)

Glorious Revolution �James II – too Catholic for England � 1688 – Parliament forced James II to flee and invited William and Mary (James II’s daughter) to rule England if they accepted the English Bill of Rights �England – limited monarch and a powerful Parliament

French Revolution �Causes – influence of Enlightenment ideas + American Revolution �Events – Storming of the Bastille + Reign of Terror (executed over 40, 000 people with the guillotine) �Outcomes – End of absolute monarchy of Louis XVI + Rise of Napoleon

Impact �Independence came to French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies in the Americas �Touissant L’Ouverture – Haiti’s independence �Simon Bolivar – The Liberator (liberated South America)

Artists, Philosophers, and Writers + New Technologies �Bach – Baroque composer �Mozart – Classical composer �Delacroix – romantic painter �Cervantes – novelist �New Forms of Art and Literature – paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, and living people (portraits) + novel �Technologies – all-weather roads (year round transportation) + new farm tools + improved ship designs

Congress of Vienna – Legacy of Napoleon �Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination �Napoleonic Code �Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

Congress of Vienna – Legacy of Congress of Vienna �Balance of Power – no country should dominate Europe �Restoration of monarchs – legitimacy �New political map – new boundaries �New philosophies – conservatives and liberals

Rise of Nationalism �National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism �Congress of Vienna – led to discontent in Europe (did not include nationalists and liberals)

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 �Liberal – change government �National – homeland �France 1830 – constitutional monarch (liberal revolution) �Belgium 1830 – gained independence (national)

Italy �Cavour – prime minister of Sardinia (organized unification of Italy) �Garibaldi – leader of the Red Shirts + conquered Kingdom of the Two Sicilies �Papal States – last to join Italy

Germany �Bismarck – prime minister of Prussia (responsible for the unification of Germany) �Realpolitiks – do whatever it takes to get and hold power �Franco-Prussian War led to the unification of Germany and Italy