World History Goal 1 The Historians Toolbox Goal

World History Goal 1 The Historian’s Toolbox

Goal 1 • The learner will recognize, use and evaluate the methods and tools valued by historians, compare the views of historians and trace themes of history.

Objective 1. 01 • Define history and the concepts of cause and effect, time, continuity and perspective

Goal 1 Essential Question • How can I use the tools of the social sciences to understand the effects of world history on my life today?

Objective 1. 01 Essential Questions • What is history and why should we be interested in and study other cultures? • How and why does history influence mankind? • How do historians use cause and effect to explore history?

History • • • Student Definition: Definitions: The aggregate of past events A record or narrative description of past events The discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings • The continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future • All that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing

Cause and effect • Student Definition: • Definition: Two events that are related when one event makes the other occur. The event that happens first is the cause; the event that follows is the effect. • Examples: Al Qaeda's hatred of US policies - 9/11 - Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

Continuity • Student Definition: • Definitions: Uninterrupted connection or union • The property of a continuous and connected period of time • Examples: Recorded time is one continuous interconnected period of time

Time • Student Definition: • Definitions: The continuum of experience in which events pass from the past through the present to the future • An exact moment • An era or period

Perspective • Student Definition: • Definition: Position: a way of regarding situations or topics, etc. • Examples: Your view on the school rules, My view of what is important in life vs. yours, etc.

Documents • Student Definition: • Definition: A document is a bounded physical representation of body of information designed with the capacity (and usually intent) to communicate. • Examples: diary, journal, newspaper article, letter, e-mail, web page, etc.

Epigraphs • Student Definition: • Definition: A quotation at the beginning of some piece of writing • An engraved inscription • Examples: Hieroglyphics, Cuneiforms, Sanskrit

Multiple causation • Student Definition: • Definition: The belief that events occur in predictable ways and that many events leads to others or can be the cause of one big event • Examples: There is never just 1 reason wars begin

Periodization • Student Definition: • Definition: Periodization is the attempt to categorize or divide time into named blocks. The result is a descriptive abstraction that provides a useful handle on periods of time with relatively stable characteristics. • Examples: Ice Age, Great Depression, World War II

Objective 1. 01 Review • What is history and why should we be interested in and study other cultures? • How and why does history influence mankind? • How do historians use cause and effect to explore history?

Objective 1. 02 • Analyze and interpret primary and secondary sources to compare views, trace themes and detect bias

Objective 1. 02 Essential Questions • How does bias influence the study of history? • How do historians use primary and secondary sources?

Bias • Student Definition: • Definition: A partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation • Examples: A Nazi Camp Guard’s account of the conditions of a concentration camp

Primary Source • Student Definition: • Definition: Also called an original source is a document, recording or other source of information, such as a paper or a picture for instance, that was created at the time being studied, by an authoritative source • Examples: Diary of Anne Frank, George Washington’s Farewell Address

Secondary Source • Student Definition: • Definition: Are works that are based on analysis of primary sources, such as textbooks, biographies, nonfiction books about history and monographs. Many secondary sources in history include quotations from primary sources or illustrations that constitute primary sources. • Examples: Your Textbook, History Channel programs, etc.

Epics • Student Definition: • Definition: An extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a deity or demigod (heroic epic) or other legendary or traditional hero • Examples: Illiad, Odyssey

Graphics • Student Definition: • Definition: Are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to brand • Examples: Neanderthal Man’s cave drawings, Minoan frescoes, Michelangelo’s paintings

Literature • Student Definition: • Definition: The body of all written works; The collected creative writing of a nation, people, group, or culture • Examples: American literature, British literature, etc.

Oral History • Student Definition: • Definition: A verbal reminicense or description of past events or experiences • Examples: Grandpa’s war stories, Dad’s high school football stories, etc.

Sagas • Student Definition: • Definition: A narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family • Examples: Similar to epics, but came later in history

Objective 1. 02 Review • How does bias influence the study of history? • How do historians use primary and secondary sources?

Objective 1. 03 • Relate archaeology, geography, anthropology, political science, sociology and economics to the study of history

Objective 1. 03 Essential Questions • What skills and sciences help us uncover the past? • What principles do historians use to make reasonable inferences about the past?

Anthropology • Student Definition: • Definition: Anthropology is a science of humankind. Anthropology focuses on human characteristics generated and propagated by humans themselves. • Examples: It studies tools, techniques, traditions, language, beliefs, kinships, values, social institutions, economic mechanisms, cravings for beauty and art, struggles for prestige.

Archaeology • Student Definition: • Definition: Archaeology is the study of the human past. • Examples: Archaeology studies human history from the development of the first stone tools in eastern Africa 3. 4 million years ago up until recent decades.

Artifacts • Student Definition: • Definition: a handmade object, as a tool, or the remains of one, as a shard of pottery, characteristic of an earlier time or cultural stage, especially such an object found at an archaeological excavation. • Examples: Artifacts of the pop rock generation.

Economics • Student Definition: • Definition: the science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, or the material welfare of humankind. • Examples: the social science concerned with the production and consumption of goods and services

Geography • Student Definition: • Definition: the study of the natural features of the earth's surface, including topography, climate, soil, vegetation, etc, and man's response to them • Examples: Map

Political Science • Student Definition: • Definition: A social science dealing with political institutions and with the principles and conduct of government. • Examples: The study of the state, government, and politics.

Sociology • Student Definition: • Definition: The scientific study of human social behavior and its origins, development, organizations, and institutions. • Examples: Sociologists study the organization, institutions, and development of societies, with a particular interest in identifying causes of the changing relationships among individuals and groups.

• Dates are based on the birth of Christ. • B. C. – Before the birth of Christ. • 1 st century B. C. means the first century before Christ. Counting backwards, which are the years 100 -1 B. C. The 6 th century B. C. is 600 -501 B. C.

• A. D. – “Anno Domini” – Latin for “in the year of our Lord. ” After the birth of Christ. • The 20 th century A. D. includes the years A. D. 1901 -2000. • BCE – Before the Common Era = B. C. • CE – Common Era = A. D.

Objective 1. 03 Review • What skills and sciences help us uncover the past? • What principles do historians use to make reasonable inferences about the past?